和开头一样,结尾也是构成文章的主要部分。好的结尾应该言简意深,余味无穷,画龙点睛,水到渠成,有深化主题、突出中心、增强文章感染力、加深读者印象的作用。可以总结全文,可以抒发感情,可以言尽而意无尽,还可以照应开头。常见的结尾方法有
1、首尾呼应法。即文章的开头和结尾要互相照应,特别是在结尾要回应开头,使文章成为一个完整的整体,不至于因为开头和结尾相距甚远,而使文章相互脱节,给人以残缺感。如一考生的作文《朋友》的结尾是:漫漫人生路,朋友会有好多,而像父亲这样的朋友却只有一个,我将永远记住他——我的朋友——父亲。
2、留有空白法。作文要给读者留下一定的想象空间,让读者通过联想和想象去加以补充,从而产生令人回味无穷的艺术效果。如一考生的作文《说句心里话》的结尾:路灯发着暗淡的光,我毫无目的地走在平直的马路上。说句心里话,我也曾怀疑过他们是否爱我,难道衡量的角度除了分数就没有别的了吗?我默默地走着,渐渐路上的人少了,可能是都回家了,可是今天我什么时候回家呢?我不知道……
3、余音袅袅法。这种结尾既深刻又发人深省,能够让读者在读完你的文章之后掩卷深思。如《父亲》一文的结尾:“树欲静而风不止,子欲养而亲不在。”人天相隔,骨肉永离。爸爸,您在哪里?您在哪里?我无语问苍天,无语问苍天啊!
4、总结概括法。在结尾时对全文作简单的总结,揭示事件的意义,点明题旨,深化中心。如一考生的《给我教益的一件事》一文的结尾:这件事使我受到很大的教益。在别人处于困境时,我们应该伸出援助之手。友谊、帮助和理解,能消除人与人之间的隔膜。
5、抒情言志法。结尾用抒情的语句,阐发自己真实的情感体验,直抒胸臆,情感浓烈,感人肺腑,表达作者的愿望和志向,并紧扣题旨,往往能打动读者,引起共鸣。如《爸爸妈妈,你们可知道》一文的结尾:爸爸妈妈,女儿也有自尊,你们别让女儿抬不起头来。爸爸,请不要浑身酒气地把妈妈打得鼻青脸肿;妈妈请不要让那些盘碟再成为你们大战的牺牲品。你们的女儿渴望有一个祥和的家,渴望一片宁静的天地。爸爸妈妈,别再吵了,让我们重建一个美好的新天地吧!
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
9月是中国脑健康月,9月16日是第8个“中国脑健康日”,而9月21日又是一年一度的“世界老年痴呆日”。两个“日”的设立凸显“脑健康”的重要性以及其受关注程度。据了解,目前我国脑血管病患者近700万,每年新发病人都超过200万。而中国在医学界对于脑健康的研究重点是集中在脑血管、老年痴呆症、癫痫、精神发育迟滞等典型病症上。在所有的疾病中,脑血管病的致残率是最高的,其中70%以上都留下各种各样的后遗症。
国际脑研究组织第四届神经科学大会,把21世纪称为“脑的世纪”。近年来,我国神经系统和精神疾病发病率呈逐年上升之势,这已引起了社会各界的广泛关注。2000年9月16日,我国把每年9月命名为“脑健康月”。中国医促会脑健康专业委员会的.王忠诚等百余位著名专家学者发出倡议,将每年9月16日定为“脑健康日”。
Smoking is a bad habit that does harm to smoker and others. Many kinds of diseases and cancers are caused by smoking, such as tracheitis, lung cancer and many other diseases. Recent years, there are tens of thousands of people dying of smoking. But there still are many people enjoying smoking, because they think smoking is a kind of fashion and smoking is so cool, especially among teenagers. In addition, smoking does harm to others as well. Second hand smoking has been recognized harmful to other people. Even worse, it may cause more damages. Therefore, people should remember that smoking is harmful to others and those people who smokes should give up smoking as soon as possible.
吸烟是个坏习惯,它对吸烟者和别人都有害。很多疾病和癌症是有吸烟引起的,比如说气管炎,肺癌还有很多其他疾病。近年来,成千上万的人死于吸烟。但是仍然有很多人喜欢吸烟,因为他们认为吸烟是一种时尚,很酷,特别是青少年。另外,吸烟也会对别人有害。二手烟是公认的对别人有害的。更糟糕的是,它会带来更多伤害。因此,人们应该牢记吸烟有害他人,那些吸烟的人应该尽可能戒烟。
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