1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
现在我们班数学和英语成绩在108分以上的人很多,我的数学英语成绩在100到107分之间,非常羡慕他们,为什么他们越难的`题就越能做对,而我就不行呢?
原因是这样的,英语试卷上很多阅读题,我平时阅读得少,他们就读得多,理解能力很差,阅读速度慢。还有很多,我经常做一些稀奇古怪的事,不知道英文,就搞错,翻译能力也很差。有一些题是听短文判断对错的,我平时听磁带听得少,理解能力差,听对话回答问题的很灵便,不知会问些什么。别人经常听英语磁带,阅读英语文章,我以前英语很好的,因为以前是靠小聪明的,现在是靠勤奋的。我虽然去外面学习了英语,比别人不学的差,我以后要多听磁带,要联系上下文理解,多看作文的范文,多练习翻译,这样才能学好英语。数学试卷上有很多计算题,数字的位数很多,算不准,除法要试商,试商要估算,估不准,算百分数的最多要算4位小数,进位退位的有时口算不准。我平时都用计算器算数,以后要在家多练习,思维反应也慢,别人在二三年级时就把口算背熟了,我那时太懒了。有些应用题很多步,很容易错,制条形统计图时要用尺子仔细平均分,我没仔细,就点错了位置。有时要把概念背熟,我记忆力差,但是这些话很短,本来很快背熟的,我在家除了做完作业就算了,没有多复习。
于薇也跟我一样,她期中考试数学只有106分,原来是115分的,怕回家大大叫她多学,就哭了,回家不签名,她也不注意方法。小艳莹英语考试只有104分,雪妍116分,小艳莹就去踢雪妍,英语老师还骂她,游间她。
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[2]李烨.提高艺术类学生大学英语学习水平的方法与途径[J].湖北广播電视大学学报,2015,30(12):129-130.
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To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
1.自叙自改 教材中前两次作文训练都是培养记叙能力。学生对自己叙述中产生的一系列问题发现不了或者缺乏检查、修改的习惯,这就难以达到训练目的。为此,可让学生根据自己的提纲集体口述一次,再让其思考如何充实修改;然后第二次口述,这样,从书面上看不出的'问题可以在说的过程中觉察。全体学生都能对自己的初稿进行修改。这样训练,学生思想集中,思维活跃,可以大幅度提高作文效率和质量。
2.自叙众评 教材中第三、四次作文训练是要学生提炼中心,选择材料,根据中心确定详略。有的学生分析、概括能力差,从占有的材料中提炼不出明确的中心,或者确定了中心,却看不出事件中哪些材料最能体现中心,因而难以决定对材料的取舍和记叙的详略。为了解决这一问题,可以让这些拿不准主意的同学说出自己确定的中心,并叙述自己搜集的材料,让同学们帮助分析决定。由于同学之间思想文化水准、生活情趣、语言方式相近,所阐述的意见易于被接受,所提的修改意见也更具体、更富于启发性。
3.自叙众改 教材中第五、六次作文训练是“叙述结合描写”、“记叙中穿插议论”。对记叙能力的训练,前两次已经进行过。而培养描写和议论能力是本册教材中的训练难点。有些同学想描写好却因观察不细致、记忆不清或词汇贫乏等使描写缺乏生动和形象性;想议论深刻由于观点不明确,思路不开阔而敲不到点子上,发挥不了议论应有的作用。对此,让他们在短时间里自行解决问题,写出合格的文章是不现实的。可以让其本人叙述作文内容,该描写或穿插议论处,让同学们共同用口头或书面的方式描写或议论;给能力差的同学做示范,使其能从别人的思路及语言风格中悟出提高能力的路子。这样做,表面看起来有越俎代庖之嫌,但大家集思广益,解决了难题,已收到了一箭双雕之效。
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