1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
Dear Jeff,
I'm Li Hua from Beijing I-Iongxing Middle School。 I'm very happy to learn that you're going to stay with my family while you're in Beijing。
While you are here, we'll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV。 You'll also have your own bathroom。 Our school is quite close to our home。 So we could go to school together by bike。 At noon we'll eat at the school dining hall。 I'm sure you'll like the delicious Chinese food there,and enjoy talking with friends over lunch。 Classes in our school usually finish at 4 in the afternoon。 You can then join other students in playing ball games or swimming。 It'll be a lot of fun。
If you have any questions or requests, please let me know。 We'll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience。
Best wishses !
Li Hua
给杰夫的一封信
亲爱的杰夫:
我叫李华,来自北京红星中学。听说你来北京将住在我家,我感到非常高兴。
当你来的时候,我们将为你提供一个属于你自己的房间,里面有一张床、一张桌子、一对椅子和一台电视机。你还有你自己的卫生间。我们的学校离我家不远,因此我们可以一块骑自行车去上学。中午我们可以在学校的餐厅里就餐。我相信你会喜欢那儿美味的中国食物。午饭期间你也可以和周围的朋友聊天。在我校,下午4点放学。放学后,你可以和同学们一块儿打球或去游泳,你将会玩得很开心。
如果你有一些问题和请求的话,请让我知道。我将尽力让你在北京度过一段愉快的时光。
祝万事如意!
李 华
1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
——题记
“英语就考了106分,做了那么多练习什么用?!你看看人家小叶也不看见做什么课外练习都考了129分!”英语老师用严厉的口吻批评着我,语气有些愤怒、有些失望。
我眼眶差点溢出了委屈的泪水,我也很努力去学习英语。背单词、做练习我也很用心啊。为什么就考不出70分的范围?为什么要有英语这课程?为什么我们要学习?为什么外国不是和我们一样说汉语而是英语?
突然想起了吴克群的《将军令》中的一句歌词:“我知道yoyoyo不是我的'语言……在你的世界学你说ABCD,在我的土地对不起请说华语……”
……
啊!英语,
你是正极,我是负极,我们一短兵相接就会使战争的导线升温!
你是老鼠,我就是猫,在自然界的生存法则里我们永远是天敌!
你是kiss,我是kill,所以我们就像爱与恨一样永远是opposite……
你是……
“侬有空写这些乱七八糟的东西,不会去多背几个单词,去做会阅读啊!……”一个熟悉又让我有些厌恶的声音像幽灵一样从我身后冒了出来。我几乎可以想象出接下来所谓的“台词”是什么。那些话已经停了不下N遍了,我都可以一字不漏地把那些台词复述出来。我想我的耳膜已经对这些“站着说话不嫌腰疼”的话产生抗体形成自动免疫功能。
我仍然陷在我的浮想中。我独来独往走在云彩之上,身边路过拿着英语书、词组纸的同学,目光茫然。我唤醒他们。
他们却对我说:“要上英语课了,你还不背单词啊!”我一愣。我想哭泣,想逃离,但是我此时此刻却不知道欲去何方……
我深陷在眼瞳中的字母里,昏厥,猛睁眼,天亮了,英语仍在……
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