1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
每一个考生都想努力做到作文材料新鲜,给阅卷者以耳目一新的感觉。这当然不错,但材料本身的新鲜还要运用得精巧,只有两者结合,才能所向无敌。
素材活用通常包括:一材多用法、反弹琵琶法、组合排比法、避熟求生法、故事新编法等。
1.一材多用法。同一个素材,从不同的角度和侧面去发散思考,整合提炼,就会有不同的妙用。这些角度可以是情感的、哲理的;可以是实用的、科学的、审美的;还可以是历史文化的、地域风情的……
2.反弹琵琶法。同学们使用素材时多是用材料本身所表现出来的方向,或正面,或反面。这是素材运用的一般技巧。反弹琵琶,是运用逆向思维,对素材的内涵加以延伸发掘后,从反面的角度对素材进行重新使用。
3.组合排比法。是指将同类材料进行精要的表述,组合在同一段落中,共同说明同一论点。其好处是显得滔滔不绝,材料充实,理直气壮,可以收到良好的效果。在组合时,语言表达要精要整齐,要按时间先后、由远到近、由主到次等顺序排列。
4.避熟求生法。是指材料选择上尽量避开大家熟悉的,使用大家不熟悉的。这些材料能够反映时代精神,给人以新鲜感。当然,有些材料,从它诞生的时代看,未必属于新材料,但是由于人们知之不多或用之不多,因而也具有相当的新鲜感。
5.故事新编法。是根据表现主题的需要选取人物、情节并作一番改造,形成新的故事情节,人物形象总体改变不大,大致保持原作风貌。这样的故事既可以避免胡编乱造,又可以在新的时代背景下使故事增加许多趣味性,令人爱读。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
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