1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
Zhang Xin is our monitor. She is tall, healthy and lively. She does well in all subjects. She is fond of sports and is good at singing and dancing.Zhang Xin works hard at English. When she came to the school, she had quite a lot of difficulties with the language. But she was not afraid of them and always tried her best to overcome them. She was active in class and did a lot of practice after class. No pains, no gains. With great efforts she made much progress in English study.Zhang Xin is modest and always ready to help others. She is very strict with herself in her work and daily life. She sets us all a fine example.
张欣是我们的班长,她长得很高,身体很好充满活力。她各科都很优秀,喜欢运动,且能歌善舞。她学习英语很刻苦,刚来的时候,学习英语有语言障碍。但她从不怕困难,并且不断尝试去克服困难。她在课堂上很积极,课后也做很多练习,一分耕耘一分收获,这些努力使她英语取得很大的进步。张欣很谦虚,而且乐于助人,她对自己的学习和工作都严格要求,为我们树立了好榜样。
1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
我慢慢地从床上苏醒,走到日历前一看,:“太棒了!”我叫着,今天是我盼望已久的日子,是我庆祝的日子,我心里美滋滋的,脚下像踏着幸福的云。
上午,我去学英语,可中间那让我可怕的堂听,气得我火冒三丈,下午,我去打羽毛球,和中级教练打,累的我气喘吁吁。
我迈着沉重的脚步,慢吞吞地走回了家,“哇,好香呀!”我大叫着,闭上眼睛,停下脚步,静静感受着这美好的时光。这时,你会发现,世界静得出奇,在草丛中,你可以听见昆虫正在开最后的生命会,听,他们多快乐。在森林里你会发现,动物们正在开心的捉迷藏,看,那毛茸茸的尾巴会是谁?在花园里,你可以闻到花朵那迷人的芬芳,鼻子不再哭,不再悲伤,它给花朵的芳香吸引住了。
我加快了脚步,来到了香的源泉。一进家门,敏锐的眼睛一扫,我就发现了异样,那勤劳的'身影不知所终。“爸爸。”我喊着,“妈妈去哪里了?”爸爸在厨房一边做菜一边回应:“妈妈去惠州了。”
我一听,大惊失色,为什么妈妈要在这个时候去惠州,为什么,爸爸似乎看出了我的心思,“我们知道今天是你最看重的日子,我们都准备好了。”说完,爸爸就转身从冰箱里拿出一样花花绿绿的东西,是蛋糕,这时,我的心中涌出了一丝感动。
这感动来自于一种爱,它经常出现在我们的身边,但我们不曾注意,不曾发现。当我们晚上踢开被子,是谁,帮我们一次又一次的盖好;当我们在路上迷失了方向,是谁,帮助我们从困难中走出;当我们摔倒在地,是谁,鼓励我们,让我们站起来,又充满了自信,是父母,是他们的爱让他们强大。
11月17日,这天,让我知道了父母爱,让我重新做了自信的自己,而11月17日这天,是我11岁的生日。
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