只有意识到自己的无知,我们才能更聪明
有两个误区:
1、知识的错觉:你以为你知道。
什么意思呢?举个例子,看到知乎上的一些提问,你觉得看起来简单,觉得无非就是怎样怎样,但是真正你去写回答的时候,却发现自己并没有那么清楚。
2、知识的诅咒:你以为别人知道。
比如,学医学的,他平时交往的同事大家一点就明白的事情,但要他说给一个完全没学过医的人去听,他就说不清楚,然后他还觉得不可思议。这个在大人和小孩的沟通中也非常明显。要改变的不是别人,而是那个“你”,怎么样把专业的知识,把别人不知道的知识转换成大家听得懂的语言。做到了才叫学会了。
如团队管理,就需要领导帮助团队成员意识到自己的无知,又不会觉得自己特别愚蠢。
1、建立自信。相信自己可以学得很好。就是用好罗森塔尔效应,亦称“皮格马利翁效应”、“人际期望效应”,相信自己,给自己积极的心理暗示。预期越好,结果越好。这个尤其是对小孩子的教育,具有非常积极的意义。
2、明确意义。罗列学习的用处清单,短期的好处,长期的用处。比如打发时间、充实自己、提高认识,这个可以根据自己的期望去罗列,在显眼的位置挂起来,如自己的电脑显示器旁边,手机屏保、书桌抬眼就能看到的地方等等。
3、及时反馈。就是对学习成果进行奖励。比如,看了半小时,奖励一个苹果;看完半本书的时候,再定一个奖励;看完整本书,再给一个奖励。这个要根据自己的实际情况来制定。如小孩子看完一本书,就带她到哪里玩半天之类的'。
1、小组学习法。两人以上一起读书,效果比一个人要好。一是可以互相讨论,而讨论正式让知识到达额叶最好的办法。二是可以互相监督。别人看了一半,你还在第一章,那就显得你落后了。
2、记忆和转移。
记忆分为
a获得性记忆。如药物成瘾。
b反射性记忆。如肚子饿了要吃饭,长期健身的人不运动会不舒服。
c再现性记忆。如再现物体、人物、事件。
读书习惯的培养最好变成获得性记忆和反射性记忆。
而知识的学习主要是再现性记忆。它又分为短时记忆、长期记忆,以及迁移。
学习的过程正是从短时记忆到长期记忆再到迁移的过程。
所以学习其实也简单,就是三段论。背诵-理解-背诵掌握-运用。具体来说,就是早上先强背一遍,中午在理解梳理一遍;晚上再强化背诵一遍,这样就变成长期记忆了。
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物,阐明事理的`一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性,给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类,词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。
按写作方法,英语说明文主要分为下面六种类型
1.例证法 2.定义法 3.分类法 4.因果关系法 5.比较对照法 6.过程分析法
1.例证法
Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
这段主要是讲能源问题。第一句为主题句,概括地说出"我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖能源"。接着用举例的方法从三方面说明能源的作用。
2.定义法
An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
本段的展开是通过对"一个模范教师"下定义的方法,关键词"ideal teacher"在文中多次重复,能加深读者的印象。
3.分类法
As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favour of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
本段把人按政治观点分为三类:保守派(conservative people、自由派(liberal people和温和派(moderate people,并对他们各自的特征进行了简要的分析。
4.因果关系法
Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New life bursts out everywhere. Plants wear a green coat again and colourful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan for outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.
第一句为本段主题句,末句是总结句。在主题句后, 作者用了四个句子阐述自己喜欢春天的理由。
5.比较对照法
I like having a twin sister. When she's happy, I'm happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel the same. Often, I know what she's going to say. Sometimes, I know what she's thinking. I like what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the same books.
这段采用AB交错的比较方式,阐述孪生姐妹的相同特征。这种写法较流畅自然,给读者的印象也更鲜明突出。
6.过程分析法
There are several steps to plant a tree. First, dig a hole large enough for the tree, but the hole should not be too deep. Second, put the tree in the hole so that it is straight. Third, put the earth back into the hole again. Push it down hard with your foot several times. Finally, water the tree well, as often as possible.
这段分析了植树过程中的几个步骤。全段层次分明,连接词语(first, second, third, finally的使用加强了语句的连贯性。
Exercises
例1 请根据Wang Hua 在学骑自行车时的几个步骤,写一篇短文,说明他是任何学会骑自行车的.
参考词汇: handle-bars 自行车把手 pedal 踏板 saddle 车座
Wang Hua is learning to ride a bicycle. Let’s watch him and see how he can get on his bicycle. He put his hands on the handle-bars. He puts his left foot on the left pedal, then he pushes himself hard forward with his right leg. Now he can move on together with the bicycle and his whole body is now on the bicycle. Then, he raises his right leg over the saddle and lower himself on the saddle. Now, he is on the bicycle and stepping the pedals hard with both legs. And the bicycle is going forward.
例2
请写一篇短文介绍如何乘坐伦敦地铁.
内容提示如下:
1. 在售票处(booth购买辅币(token需30便士.
2. 在入口处将辅币投入狭孔(slot,你就可以走下地铁.
3. 在站台等车时,要站在白线以外.注意你要去的方向.不要站错站台.
4. 上下车应迅速,因为车门关闭很快.地铁内规定不准吸烟.
注意:短文的意思要连贯. 字数:100个左右.
If you want to travel by underground in London, you should first find the nearest underground entrance and buy a token for 30 pence in the booth. After you drop the token into the slot at the entrance, you can walk down the stairs. Stand back of the white line while waiting for the train on the platform. Make sure that you are on the right side of the platform for your train. When the train arrives, get on or get off quickly because the doors of the train close quickly. Smoking is not allowed in the underground.
例3
家用电脑体积下,价格低,造型优美,简单易用,使用方便,灵活;可用于计算,记事,打电话,打印信件;儿童可用它来学英语,做游戏. 你通过家用电脑能学会怎样使用微机;为将来寻找工作提供便利;电脑工作比人快数百倍;我们已经得到电脑的巨大帮助. 请根据以上内容写一篇介绍家用电脑的说明文. 字数120左右.
A Family Computer
A family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a good look. It can be used easily. You can calculate, make notes, call others and type letters, etc. Also, children can learn English or play games with it. Besides, you can use a family computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office computer, which can give you convenience to find a good job in a company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than humans. We have been greatly helped by
computers.
例 4
请以The Importance of Trees 为题写一篇短文,说明保护森林的必要性.
1. 说明树木的主要用途:提供木材;吸水,防止水灾,旱灾;净化空气,美化生活.
2. 滥伐树木的危害;无计划砍伐造成水土流失,土壤沙化,造成水灾.
3. 每年都应植树造林,使其为人类更好服务等等.
字数:100左右.
As we all know, trees are very useful. They are of great benefit to man as follows. First, trees provide us with wood and other products. Second, their roots can allow the rain to sink in and keep the soil, so they help to prevent droughts and floods. Trees can help clean air and beautify life.
Unfortunately, nowadays in many parts of the world lots of people fail to realize the importance of trees. They have cut trees down in large numbers without a plan, which makes the soil washed away. They don’t know where there are no trees, the rain washes away the surface of the soil and this causes floods.
We ought to plant trees each year and carefully look after new trees in order not to make the forest slowly disappear. Only in this way can we make the forest serve man forever.
例 5
根据下表格提供的信息,请你推荐两本学中文的词典.
Dear Steve,
I’m pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese. I’d like to recommend the following two dictionaries. The English- Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary is really a good one for beginners. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words. Besides plenty of examples, it has many notes telling you how to use a word. Xinhua Dictionary is the most popular Chinese dictionary, and it has a vocabulary of 10,000 words. It may also be useful to some advanced learners of Chinese. Of the two, ECCED is the more expensive, costing 52 yuan, and XD costs 11 yuan.
Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries.
Yours, Li Yua
根据麦克林的研究,脑结构分为1.基本脑,2.中脑,3.丘脑,4.皮层,5.额叶。信息就是经过这5个环节,最后由额叶转化为自己的储备和应用。生物学的东西我理解起来比较费力。
我理解:用网购的过程来解释大脑的运行机制。
1.基本脑是相当于信息源,就是在网上浏览商品信息;
2.中脑就是下单,梳理了那么多信息之后,选了一件商品;
3.丘脑就是到了菜鸟驿站,货到了,但还没到你手里;
4皮层就是收到了,这个东西到你家了,但你没打开,没用,只是有那么一个东西的存在,像有的网购比较多的,就会出现买了东西丢在家里的角落里吃灰尘的,就属于无效信息。
比如,你和别人聊起你也买过一个扫地机器人,但长啥样,怎么用,效果好不好,你都不知道,因为你没有打开。
5.额叶,就是你打开了包装,查看了说明,并将它吃掉或者用掉,这才是变成了真正的有价值的知识。所以到额叶这个环节才是最重要的。
文中提到一个好消息:大脑的学习机制一生都可以保持充满活力的状态。不会因为年龄而衰退。
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