本人在参加英语BEC中级考试取得了不错的`成绩,现把我半年来在准备作文时常用到的一些句型推荐给大家,希望对备考英语BEC的网友有所帮助。
第一部分、BEC作文段首句常用句型:
一、对立观点命题形式的首句:
1. Many people do not doubt that A is superior to B , while others think quite differently on the issue of _____. Personally, I stand on the side of A .
2. Some people say A , other people argue B . In a word , _____. But I cannot agree this point of view for many reasons.
3. There are different views concerning this topic . Some people like to CHOOSE A , some prefer to CHOOSE B . Personally , I prefer B . I think B has more advantages.
4. From my point of view , it is more advisable to CHOOSE A than to CHOOSE B . 5. Despite the fact that most people prefer A , I would like to choose B because the following reasons .
6. In general , I prefer to _____ .
7. As far as I am concerned , I would like to prefer _____ .
8. When it comes to _____ , most people tend to believe A . But others consider B as _____ .
9. When asked about _____ , the vast majority of people would support that A . But others regard B as _____ .
10. At the risk of address the issue too direct , I prefer A because I think that _____ .
11. When asked about _____ , many people give their opinions that _____ , but other people may see _____ differently .
12. When faced with _____ , quite a few would claim that _____ , but others , in contrast , deem _____ as _____ .
13. When inquired about _____ , the vast majority of people would like to _____ , but other people , who hold an opposite view , consider _____ as _____ .
14. When _____ is mentioned _____ , most people believe that _____ , but other people would rather think _____ as _____ .
15. While many people may stick to me idea that _____ , I would like to prefer _____ .
二、单一观点式
A . Agree
1. One of the greatest writers once said that _____ . Now , it still has its significant realistic value .
2. I would follow the reasoning that _____ .
3. Many people advocate that _____ . They claim that _____ . My opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons .
4. I totally agree with the statement that _____ . The reasons are presented below .
5. After pondering this question on many occasions , I finally reached the conclusion that _____ is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it .
6. my arguments for point are listed as follows.
7. I agree with the above statement because _____ .
8. Nowhere in the world has the issue of _____ been so much debated like in our society .
9. I agree with the statement that _____ without reservation because _____ . 10. Thinking logically , I can only say that the title statement is valid because _____ .
11. I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that _____ .
12. Some may hold the opinion that AAA . But others have a negative attitude . As far as I am concerned , I agree that _____ .
13. Many one have the idea that AAA . However , many others disagree with this argument . But both side of the problem whether _____ are supported by good reasons .
14. Recently , it has been much debated over the problem of AAA . Those who object to AAA announce that _____ . But those who favor AAA utter a sonorous voice that _____ .
15. Recently , there is vehement discussion on the issue of _____ . Those who criticize _____ argue that _____ . They claim that _____ . But people who firmly advocate _____ , on the other hand , argue that _____ .
16. There is a much-debated problem today about _____ . Those who object to _____ argue that _____ . They are very sure about _____ . But people who prefer _____ , on the other hand , claim that _____ .
B . Disagree
1. Until recently , _____ was viewed as _____ . But people are taking a fresh look at it .
2. Recently , we often hear about _____ . But is it ?
3. These days , it is often heard about _____ . But is this really the truth ?
4. I feel such an attitude is negative , and that it can bring _____.
5. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that _____ . But to be frank , I cannot agree with them for the flowing reasons .
6. Despite the fact that many people believe that _____ , I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis .
7. Although some people hold the opinion that _____ , I wonder whether the argument could bear close examination .
8. In the nationwide , discussion , many people argue that _____ . But I can say nothing but _____ .
9. Advocates of AAA proclaim that _____ , but I _____ .
10. Until recently , _____ was regarded as _____ . But _____ .
11. Some people think that _____ , but I disagree with this opinion for numerous reasons , as presented below .
12. Now , it is increasingly mentioned that _____ . Such people think _____ . But I can only cast doubt on whether _____ .
13. Now , it is widely believed that _____ . These people think _____ . But I wonder if _____ .
14. I cannot totally the idea that _____ . Because , in my point of view , I believe _____ .
15. As a matter of fact , I support that _____ , but I cannot agree with the title statement .
16. Nowadays , it is widely held that _____ . People of this kind think _____ .But I doubt whether _____ .
第二部分、BEC作文常用结尾句:
1. Taking into account of all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that_____ .
2. All reliable evidences point to one saying , that is _____ .
3. For the reasons presented above , I strongly commit to the notion that _____ .
4. While it is true that _____ , I think that _____ .
5. Given the factors I have just outlined , I can only say that _____ .
6. This is not to say that _____ . But in terms of _____ , it is _____ .
7. Therefore , it is easy to draw the conclusion that _____ .
8. Recognizing the fact that _____ should drive us to conclude that _____ .
9. To put all into a nutshell , I _____ .
10. In a word , I support the statement that it is better to _____ because Good stuff! Wonder why there are so few hits.
那这两只亮黑黑的眼睛是否有视觉呢?我决定自己动手,做一个实验来验证一下。
我把三只蜗牛并排放到了一个铁盘子上,然后拿一本厚厚的书遮住蜗牛们身体的一半,可是,刚开始的时候阳光好象专门跟我作对一样,书本很难遮住光线。我折腾了大半天才把它们排好。
实验开始了,我拿着书,眼睛直直的盯着蜗牛,一分钟过去了,两分钟过去了,我的蜗牛们终于慢慢的开始向阴影爬去,这时我的`手其实已经发软了,但看到这一幕,我真是欣喜若狂。接着,我故意把书往后推了一下,蜗牛们又慢慢地向前面的阴影爬去,我反复试了几次,最后一次,我移得比前几次都要远,我本以为蜗牛们也会跟上来,但蜗牛们这次竟然找不着北了!
这是为什么呢?原来,蜗牛是有视觉的,但只能看见5到6里面远的东西。
通过这次实验,我对蜗牛的视觉有了直观的感受。我以后要动手多做实验,探索大自然更多地奥妙。
感光细胞分为杆状细胞和锥状细胞。杆状细胞只能感觉到黑白和形状,锥状细胞可以感觉到色彩。这两种细胞在视网膜表面并不是平均分布的,杆状细胞主要分布在视网膜的周边部位,在视觉感知中其重要作用的锥状细胞大部分集中在视网膜中心的下凹部分,叫做黄斑。越往视网膜两边,锥状细胞就越少。我们在观看景物和阅读时,晶状体将光线聚焦在这里成像,因此注意力只是集中在视野范围一半不到的区域。
一个视力正常的人能分辨在视网膜上来自不同事物的影响,这种能力称为“视觉敏感度”。黄斑是视觉敏感度最高的位置。当我们要看清一个对象时,我们会转动眼球,直至影像聚焦在黄斑上。离开黄斑越远,感光细胞越少,影像越不清晰。如果影像聚焦在黄斑以外的地方,我们用眼睛的余光可以感知到意见对象的存在,但是看不清这间对象是什么。
在视觉神经和视网膜连接的部位没有感光细胞,因此在这个位置存在一个视野的盲点。但是我们无法用眼睛觉察到这个盲点,因为大脑在形成图像感知的时候自动把它掩盖起来了。
眼睛必须在眼球静止的状态下才能成像,眼部肌肉收缩或拉伸调节晶体状的形状,直到清晰的影像呈现在视网膜上,这叫做“定影”。我们对文字的感知就是由一系列的定影形成的。眼睛每停顿一下。就聚焦一次,形成一个定影,并把信息传递给大脑。当眼球移动的时候,大脑无法捕捉到任何信息。也许你会有疑问,为什么我们转动眼球环顾四周的时候能够看到东西呢?因为眼球停顿、聚焦、定影、把信息传达给大脑的时间只需要1/4秒。
一次定影在极短的.时间内完成,下一次定影紧接着前一次定影,这样自动地继续下去,所以我们没有感知到间断。也就是所我们的眼睛,感受到的是一系列静止的图片,每一张图片都是独立的,但是由于它们产生的时间间隔非常短,所以我们感觉到的是移动的影像。
一次定影中接收到的内容越多,你阅读的速度就越快。这很容易理解,如果你每次眼球停顿都把焦点放在一两个词语上,那么你需要多次定影才能看完一句话。如果你把视野放宽,每次定影看一句话或半句话,那么你的阅读速度就会大大加快。
眼球外围与眼窝之间有一组6条肌肉,当需要改变视线方向的时候,位于哪个方向上的肌肉收缩,视线就像哪个方向转动。如果需要大幅度改变视线方向则需要扭动头部。阅读时并不需要大幅度改变视线,扭动头部会浪费时间和精力,因此在阅读时,应该保持头部不动,只通过眼部6条肌肉的收缩来改变视线。
眼睛并不知道应该在哪里聚焦,或者把视线转向哪里,它接收来自大脑的指令,聚焦之后再把信息传递给大脑。大脑接收到你希望看到的影像信息的同时,也接收到了焦点之外的视觉信息,由此可以判断出下一次聚焦的位置。也许你有过这样的经历:一块石子或别的东西向你飞来,尽管它并没有进入你聚焦的范围,但是你也会本能地做出躲避的反应,因为大脑在有意识地注视它之前,已经感知到它的存在了。
在阅读的时候,大脑也是用这个机制来扫视文字的。无论是盯住一个生词,还是快速扫过一个句子或一个段落,这种观察机制实在无意识的状态下进行的。什么是你需要着重关注的,什么是你需要忽略掉的,大脑自动通过一系列的步骤完成。
形成影响并不是感知的全部过程,看到图像只是感知的开始。感知的过程至少要经过6次神经细胞间的信息交换,有数亿个细胞参与其中,在视网膜和视觉神经之间进行大量的信息转换,然后由视觉神经把信息传递给大脑。来自左眼的信息进入右侧大脑,来自右眼的信息进入左侧大脑,两部分功能完全独立,最后由大脑完成对事物的整体认知。
视网膜中大概有1.37亿个感光细胞,其中杆状细胞有1.3亿个,分布在视网膜的周边部位,锥状细胞有700万个,分布在视网膜的中心部位。我们平时看东西或阅读的时候,主要使用位于视网膜中心部位的700万个感光细胞,其余大部分细胞都没有发挥作用。
你有没有玩儿过三维立体图的游戏?
三维立体图是20世纪中叶视觉研究领域的一项惊人的发现。研究人员贝拉·朱尔兹发现了人类的“第三只眼”。他设计了一些由彩色短线构成的图片,双眼正常看时,图像保持不变,只用左眼看时,图象保持不变,只用右眼看时,图象仍然保持不变。如果你把双眼的焦点散开时。就会有奇怪的事发生——大脑把左眼和右眼看到的图象重叠起来,当视觉角度合适的时候,就会形成一个立体图像,仿佛你进入了一个异常清晰的魔幻世界。
这种现象告诉我们,视觉系统在感知外界事物的时候,会对双眼看到的事物进行整合,形成一个完整的图像。明白这一点之后,在阅读的时候,我们就应该让自己的视野更开阔,不要把目光的焦点集中在一个字、一个词上,而应纵览全文。这种方法可以加强我们的眼睛获取信息的能力,有助于加快阅读速度。
那么,一般人的视知觉范围到底有多大?有多少潜力可以挖掘呢?众多中外阅读学的实验结果表明,在0.1秒时间内,成人一般能够感知6~8个黑色圆点或4~6个彼此不相联系的外文字母,也就是说,一分钟可以感知到4,200个点。
如果我们把一个字看作一个点的话,那么,一分钟就可以看到4,200个字。这是未经过训练者的能力。美国空军的心理学家和战术教育专家用速视仪进行的训练证明,经过训练的普通人可以在1/500秒的时间辨认4个英文字母。那么,一秒钟即可辨认120,000个英文字母。根据统计,英文单词的平均字母数为6个,也就是说,经过训练的人可以在一分钟辨认20,000个英文单词。
视知觉范围的扩大,或者说整体感知能力的提高,完全可以通过训练达到。如把一些短语或短句写在卡片上,在极短时间内在眼前闪示,然后说出上面的内容。熟练后逐渐加长卡片上的短语或句子,缩短卡片闪示的时间,就可以使视知觉范围逐步扩大,瞬间感知能力渐渐提高。
对于快速阅读来说,扩大视幅的广度和范围要比加快眼球运动速度更为重要,如果这两个方面经过正确而持续的训练,同时提高,就可以得到事半功倍的效果,就能真正做到“一目十行”。
(InterlingualEquilibrium说到翻译寻求语际的平衡,则更是有着深刻的历史积淀和文化基础的。在《通天塔之后———语言与翻译面面观》中,乔治斯坦纳在第5章探讨诠释的运作时,就充分体现了语际平衡的思想。乔治斯坦纳认为在语义转换层面,翻译是最生动、最彻底地要求平衡的。他把翻译视为一个信任、攻占、吸纳、补偿的诠释过程,这反映的正是一种平衡的哲学[4]。在他看来,第一步的“信任”业已使我们失去重心,而在译者用其彻底而富于侵略性的理解向文本进攻,罔顾后果地掠夺,最后满载而归的同时,我们彻底失去了平衡。因此在他看来,这诠释过程如果没有第4个阶段的话是“危险而不完全”的,诠释的活动必须给予补偿,而真正的补偿是通过交换和扳平而达成的。在诠释过程中,信息交流平衡被破坏,译者可能取去的太多(他增补修饰原文,加入个人意见,也可能太少(他缩减原文,把不顺畅的部分删掉。原文的能量流进译文内,因而改变了原文、译文,又破坏了整个系统的和谐。尽管寻求平衡的过程冗长而迂回,真正的翻译仍会力求平衡。在形式上和道德上,翻译应务求‘借贷平衡’。而以补偿来恢复平衡是翻译工作和翻译道德的关键。进而他借用列维斯特劳斯(LéviStrauss《结构人类学》里的一般理论模式———社会架构通过语言、妇女和物品的交易建立一个巧妙的平衡———进一步建构了翻译中的语际平衡模式。在他看来,忠实是个道德观念,同时也是个经济观念。翻译的忠实就是一种“平衡的忠实”,只有当译者/阐释者/读者竭尽所能,恢复各股力量之间的均衡,维持他在理解过程中已掠夺、破坏了的作品的完整性,才能真正意义上实现这一忠实。再看一个圣经翻译的具体案例。巴克博士(Dr.Barker是TNIV(Today’sNewInternationalVersionBible的原译者之一。他在“现代译本圣经的平衡翻译哲学”(TheTNIVBalancedTranslationPhilosophy一文中就指出,现代译本圣经属于一种平衡或协调的译本(BalancedorMediatingVersion,它既不追求完全的直译,也不追求全面的意译,而是试图在二者之间找到一个平衡点。而关于怎样达到平衡,他引入了一套嵌入式的控制与平衡系统来说明,即A-B-C-D,分别指代准确(accuracy、华美(beauty、明晰(clarity和庄严(dignity的英文单词首字母[5]。具体而言,就是指在追求译文语言的准确的同时不能牺牲语言的华美,追求语言的华美不能损害了意义的明晰,而追求意义的明晰更不能损害译文的庄重。这4个要素构成了一个互相制约的平衡系统。不能因为追求其中的任何一项而牺牲了另外一项,而是要在整体上达到一种制约力的平衡。正是这种制约力的平衡使一种平衡或协调的译本有了存在的可能。他进而指出,一个好的译本的出现是因为遵循了一种平衡的翻译哲学:既不多也不少,既不过分盲从又不过分自由发挥,既不过分现代与随便也不过于做作与刻板。简而言之,好的翻译就是避免走极端,而是达到一种平衡,能在最长的时期内吸引最多的读者。
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