I have a big dog ane I love him very much .he has two round black eyes and his sense of hearing is sensitive .His claws are like four plum blossoms .His tail always shakes and looks very cute .In the daytime ,he likes sleepping under the sunshine .But at night ,he is careful and keeps like the doorkeeper guards .He is smart and always eat a lot .He is meek to me but when he meets strangers ,he will bark to them .When I become tired ,he will come and lick my face with his tongue .when I am not busy ,he will play with me .He can give me so much happiness and now I can not leave him .I love my dog because he is one of my family numbers .
Do you know what kind of animal I like most? It’s monkey. Monkey is a kind of lovely animal. Many people like monkeys very much. Generally, monkey has small body covered with fur. Some kinds of monkeys have two big eyes and ears and a long tail. I can see them on TV or the zoo. Every time I go to the zoo, I will go to see them. Monkeys often stay in trees and jump between them. They are so lively and favorable. When they are happy, they will act for visitors. It’s very funny.
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Different people have different views on_____.Some people think that_____,whereas others aegue that __________.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that ___________.For one thing,I firmly believe that ___________.For another,_____________.Just think of________,who/which_______.
Taking all these factors into consideration,we may safely come to the conclusion that______.Only if_______can we _______,just as the saying goes,________________.
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In recent years there have been many reports of ________.It turns a new chapter of _________in China,and will have far-reaching effects in the forthcoming years.
The biggest benefit,in my eyes,is that_______.In addition,_______.Finally,______________.
Apart from the benefits mentioned above,we should also face several unavoidable challenges.In the first place,_____________.In the second place,________.What’s more,_______________.In summary,we should_______________.
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Nowadays more and more ______are commonly and widely used in everyday life,ranging from __________to_____________.
The popularity of _______will have a great influence on ______.On the one hand,_________.On the other hand,__________.
To conclude,____________are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may________.However,one point should be kept in mind that we should make sensible use,always being a master instead of slaving of them.
未曾接触汤因比这句话的时候,一直没有想到过,看了汤因比这句话,回头想上一想,生活在经常打些无义战的春秋时代,或周游列国,或退而办学,孔子一直在推销和传授他的治国方略和仁义礼智的理想,确乎不曾有过要实现政治统一的意思,孔子头脑中未曾有过秦始皇和刘邦式的大一统思想,孔子那里几乎没有什么国家概念,从孔子周游列国看,他甚至可以说是一个世界主义者,虽然他是鲁国人,如果有哪个国家同意,他都愿意去推行他的一些想法。也许用些力气可以从《论语》以及和孔子有关的古籍中挖掘出一些“爱国主义”方面的东西,挖掘出来怕也总是勉强。
在孔子那里,似乎并无“屈原”之用。这也许并不奇怪,孔子欲以“道德”约之以己,以“礼”约之以君臣人伦,他的着眼点在文明建设,而不在政治性的江山一统。春秋时候虽然时有不义之战,但这些战争似乎多属国与国之间利益情仇性的冲突,于华夏文明并无大的不利,没有像战国末期那样把文明拖入凄惨的境地,而以同一华夏文明为背景,人们在政治上分为一系列相对独立的国家,于文化乃至文明的发展和建设或许还有些自由争鸣、相互促进的好处。越来越仰仗武力的战国末期是让人遗憾的,若非吞并之心使大地上到处都是硝烟,春秋战国乃是中华文明史上非常辉煌的年代,真正的、到目前为止也可能是惟一一次的“百家争鸣”就出现在那时候,中国的思想在那时候非常活跃。汤因比说:“在公元前221年政治统一之前,中国早已实现了文化统一。在这方面,中国最伟大、最富创造性的思想文化运动发生在兵连祸接的春秋战国时代,即完成政治统一之前。这是包括孔子在内的几乎所有中国哲学学派奠基人所在的时代。”
汤因比认为,中国最初拥有清晰的历史记载的时间不早于公元前9世纪或者公元前8世纪。就我们所知——汤因比说——中国的夏代是传说的朝代,亦即“无文字记载”的“前文明”意义上的“史前史”时代,商、周政权是真实的存在,这有商代刻写在“卜骨”上的铭文和具有指导意义的同代文字史料为证。即使这样,汤因比指出,仍没有证据表明,商朝政权是同秦汉王朝及其之后的各个化身一样的政治实体。汤因比认为,由始皇帝完成并经刘邦加以拯救的那种政治统一在中国历史上是史无前例的。
汤因比知道,他的说法是不为中国学者所同意的。到了21世纪初,汤因比的说法可能就更不能为中国学者所同意了。2000年,“夏商周断代工程”发表了《夏商周断代工程一九九六—二OOO年阶段成果报告(简本)》和《夏商周年表》,“这份《年表》定夏代始年大约为公元前二O七O年,夏商分界大约为公元前一六OO年,商周分界具体为公元前一O四六年。又将具体的帝王年代从公元前八四一年向前推移到前一二五O年,即武丁元年。”(参见陈宁《“夏商周断代工程”争议难平》)
《夏商周断代工程一九九六—二OOO年阶段成果报告(简本)》和《夏商周年表》受到了国际学术界的广泛质疑,这个就不说了,倒是汤因比的一句话现在也可以拿来一用。他说:政治统一“这是后来的轮廓,在公元前221年以前尚未形成,只是从汉代起才被中国学者当作他们对整个中国历史的解释模式。结果,这个模式在不违背事实的情况下就不能适用于中国早期史。但中国的学者宁愿违背事实,而不愿放弃他们这种自成一体、先入为主的解说”。
其实,即使承认汤因比的说法,也不会影响华夏文明的辉煌,多少国家并不用借光于历史断代。
研究一下汤因比的一些论述,也许对一些传统观念会有些震动。
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