要把一件事叙述清楚说完整,必须要把六要素都交代清楚,可见记叙文六要素在叙事中起着极其重要的作用,是把一件事叙述完整的必备因素。
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
1、《这件事____》
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
运用细节描写,把文章写得具体生动。所谓细节,是指所记人、事、景中的细枝末节,如人物细致的神态、生活中细小的事件、环境中细小的事物等等。《儒林外史》中的严监生临死前伸出两根指头,示意家人将油灯的灯芯由两根改为一根,最终使其成了世界文学名着人物画廊中的又一个吝啬鬼的典型。在咸亨酒店的九尺柜台上,穷困潦倒的孔乙己一时得意,排出九文大钱,写出了他的可笑。阿Q在自己的死刑判决书上画押,阿Q不会写字,就用画圈代替:阿Q伏下去,使尽了平生的力画圆圈。他生怕被人笑话,立志要画得圆,但这可恶的笔不但很沉重,并且不听话,刚刚一抖一抖的几乎要合缝,却又向外一耸,画成瓜子模样了。阿Q就在这画圈中糊里糊涂结束了自己生命。捕捉生活中真实而典型的一言一动之微,一沙一石之细(朱自清语,就能使人物个性在举手投足之间闪闪发光,就会使描写对象栩栩如生,具体感人。
怎样刻画细节呢?一是撷取小动作,准确地使用传神的动词。如:《凡卡》中描写他给爷爷写信:他想了一想,蘸一蘸墨水,写上地址:‘乡下爷爷收’。然后他抓抓脑袋,再想一想,添上几个字。‘康司坦丁?玛卡里奇’。想、蘸、写、抓、添这一系列动作,把不会写信的凡卡渴望爷爷收到信,救他出火坑的复杂心理刻画得淋漓尽致。动作描写是刻画人物,刻画人物是为了表达中心。因此紧紧围绕文章的中心,仔细观察,精心选择,具体描写,就成了写好人物动作的关键。二是勾勒小景物,突出景物的特征、状态。如:《听潮》一文中,作者把海浪声化作具体形象的画面:海在我的脚下沉吟着,诗人一般。那声音仿佛是朦胧的月光和玫瑰的晨雾那样温柔;又像是情人的蜜语那样芳醇;低低地,轻轻地,像微风拂过琴弦;像落花飘在水上。作者抓住海浪声轻柔的特点,展开联想,巧妙地运用比喻描绘声态,有声有色,有形有味,给人一种含蓄而鲜明的柔美感。三是抓住小道具,突出小道具独特的含义及其对情节发展的作用。如:《孔乙己》一文中,咸亨酒店三次出现的小粉板。没有小粉板,也就没有掌柜的在端午和年关想到孔乙己。小粉板上的酒债,是这场悲剧尾声中一个令人闻之泣血的音符,孔乙己的悲剧用一笔酒债告示结束了,让世人永远深思。
同学们在中考之前抓住以上几点认真训练,在考场上就能得心应手地写出内容具体、形象生动的感人文章了。
要把一件事写具体,首先要思考客观事物是怎样发展变化的,掌握发展过程,写的时候要把实际发展过程写完整。譬如学包饺子的过程:和面→拌馅→揪剂子→擀皮子→包饺子(拿皮、放馅、捏皮等)。写的时候要全面客观地反映包饺子的全过程。这样,按照事物的发展过程一步一步地写,不就有了思路了吗?
其次是抓重点过程写,重点过程要详写,一般过程要略写。例文中“学包”是重点过程,应详写,然而小作者只是简单地写了“拿起饺子皮,用小勺舀了一些肉馅放在饺子皮上面,然后学着妈妈的样子就包起来……”,“第二次……我又反复地琢磨,练习几次,终于包成了。”这便是小作者的“学包”了。然而,妈妈怎么教的,教了什么,学了什么,又怎么学的,文中看不到,更谈不上具体了。“学包”还是事物发展中的关键处,是文章的重点,也是“题眼”,应该着力写,是“主攻方向”嘛。如果细致写的话,妈妈教什么了,说些什么,怎么拿皮(是左手、右手),什么姿势,怎么放馅,放多少,怎么捏边,是轻捏,还是重些,这里技巧多着呢,费笔墨也多着呢。能把这些“怎么”写出来,“学包”不就具体了吗?
最后就是观察要仔细,要全面了解事物。做什么事,学什么事,看到什么事,都要弄清事物的发展过程,才能知道事物是怎样发展变化的。否则,所写的“过程”不符合事物的规律,事情是这么回事,你偏要那么写,写的文章也不合乎事理,就不能令人信服。例如小作者写包饺子的过程是先拿皮,后放馅,最后捏边,这是合乎事理的,说明小作者用心观察了包饺子的整个过程。如果把这一顺序写颠倒了,即使学包饺子的过程写得再具体,也不是一篇合格的记事文。
如何把一件事写具体。
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