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对于正面的事实材料,首先是真实性原则。论据真实,论点就可靠;论据不真实,论点就可疑。其次是典型性原则。就是要求选用那些能够深刻揭示事物的本质,亦即具有广泛代表性的材料作论据。一个论点,往往有许多论据能够从不同方面、不同角度来证明它。但是在可以论证它的众多论据中,总有一些是最恰当最有说服力的论据,就是典型的论据。此外,还要遵循新颖性原则。人们在阅读文章时,容易被新颖的材料所吸引,也容易对陈旧的材料产生厌恶。因此,对事实论据的选择,也必须遵循新颖性这一原则,重新轻旧,求近舍远,在“新”字上下功夫。
对于反面事实材料应以有衬托作用为原则。议论文为了把道理讲深讲透,需要多角度地分析、论证论点,这就要求我们从不同角度去选择论据,既要选择正面的材料,从正面阐述事理;也需要选择反面材料,从相反角度剖析事理,正反对照,以反衬正,突出中心论点。反面材料补充不能说透的结果。
对于数据材料应遵循科学的原则。从表面上看,数据只是几个简单的数字,其实它有丰富的内涵,往往是众多劳动的结晶、辉煌成绩的表现、不懈努力的反映,或者是浪费破坏的记录,将科学的数据引进议论文,能增强论证的效果,具有无可辩驳的说服力。
理论材料就是选用通过实践证明是正确的经典理论家的,科学上的公理、定律以及尽人皆知的道理等等来作论据,以证明论点的正确性。引用理论材料作论据,必须遵循以下几条原则:首先是可靠性原则。作为论据的依据,被引用的'理论材料一定要确凿可靠,不论是引用名人的原话,还是引用大意,首先应搞清作者是谁,不可张冠李戴,把孔子的话当作他人的话来引用。如果是引用原文,一定要核对原文不要抄错;如果是引用大意,一定做到对原文内容能够正确概括,做到准确可靠。
其次是针对性原则。引用理论材料的目的是为论证某个观点服务的,切切不可牵强附会,无的放矢,架空议论。再次是引伸性原则。这是说在引用精当的材料作论据后,不能就此完事,不作分析,这样有引无证,不能充分发挥论据的作用。正确的做法是在引用理论材料之后,紧跟着就要对理论材料进行科学的推论,从中推导出新的含义,生发出新的思想,进而推动文章的论证。此外,还有简明性原则。引用理论材料作论据,目的是证明观点的正确,对观点的进一步阐述和推导,还要靠自己去论证。如果引用过多的理论材料,以引带论,效果会适得其反。
谎言的背后,是怎样虚伪的面孔。表面的美好伪装,终究会被揭露,诚信就是揭露者。——题记
诚信,是一个人的财富,如果失去了诚信,那你就几乎一贫如洗了。这诚信二字浸透了多少的血泪啊。
为了诚信,不知者为不知,苏格拉底被迫吞下毒人参,命丧黄泉;为了诚信,尾生面对大水袭来时岿然不动,抱柱而死;为了诚信,诸葛亮失街亭后毅然对马禝喝道:斩!我们循着先人的足迹走去,一路上我们深深的震撼于他们的冰雪肝胆。
现实生活中,又有多少人会为诚信而实话实说呢?商人们为了自己的财富,而将次品肆意推销,虚伪地夸耀着商品性能的优良;当官者为一己私欲,吞下了多少污秽,对持权者的猖狂视而不见;打着献爱心旗子的热心组织,又偷偷私藏了多少呢?红十字的大爱我们奉献给了谁?
安徒生安排那位孩子说出其实他什么也没穿啊,是别具匠心的。孩子单纯,善良,无疑是诚实的代表。在当今这个贪婪,自私的社会里,不谙世事的孩子是说实话的前锋,而成人总是畏缩地躲在后方,明哲保身,上演着虚伪荒谬的戏码。在那个思想被禁锢的年代。为了诚信,苏格拉底冒着被毒死的.危险说真话,布鲁诺冒着被烧死的痛苦说真话,而在这言论自由的社会,人们却狡猾而虔诚地赞美:皇帝的新装多漂亮!
在描写家乡的作文时,一位小学生写道:我的家乡已被肆意污染了,溪水乌黑,垃圾堆满在路边其母见了,忙喝道:不行!重写,这样写老师不会打高分的,要写家乡的美丽!
还有谁在崇尚诚信,说实话?诚信在渐渐被扼***,我不禁要愤怒地诘问,是谁,是谁,是谁在赞美皇帝的新装?又是谁,是谁,是谁在扼***真理?是谁?
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Beloved father:
It’s a long time no contacting with you since last e-mail. And I miss you so much. Recently I luckily turn to the third officer working on board MV Blue Whale,which is a container ship. I intend to introduce you what Ido on this big vessel in this letter.
I am the third officer working in the deck department. As you know, the third officer is responsible to the master for the proper performance of his assigned bridge watchstanding and navigational duties.
On board, my first daily work is wathckeeping from 8 to 12 and from 20 to 24. my second daily work is in charge of the maintance of the fire-fighting equipment and life-saving equipment. The third , I am also responsible for fire and boat drills, I have to design a muster list and make crew to know the best escape route clearly. Additionally, there are also some simple things I have to do in daily work. For example, I have to assist the Chief Officer in supervising cargo handling operation 、to measure the draft at the discretion of the Chief Officer or the Master、to assist the Master on the bridge with anchoring and mooring and unmooring operation is underway and so on.
In the end, I strongly believed that you must be very familiar with my special work through what I said. And I hope you can stand my back and make me stronger. We will have a reunion soon.
Your ,ZJH
Dear Mom and Dad,
Although we can only keep in touch with each other by the telephone or the Internet, I wish I could let you know how much I love you and how much I’ve appreciated the things you’ve done for me. It is never too much to say thank you to you, my dear parents.
First and the most important is that thank you for bringing me to this world. During the 20 years, you have done a lot for me, but I haven’t realized how much I love you until I left home to the university. I understand how much effort you have cost to bring me up. Now, I have grown up, I can look after you.
Second, I want to thank you that you give me a good environment to grow up. There is an old saying “Parents are the first teacher to their children”. In my life, you are the typical ones. Because of your good examples I formed the good habit of learning at an early age which benefits my life.
At last, I want to say “thank you” is that you always support my choice. You never forced me to do anything I was not interested in. You told me to pursuit my own dreams without hesitation and you would support me forever. You also told me to how to be a human. Now I become an optimistic and cheerful girl and I feel happy every day.
I really miss you when I am writing this thank you letter. I can’t wait to go home to share more time together with you.You are my most important people in the world and I will love you forever.
Yours,
XXX
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