所谓对比,就是把正反两方面的论点和论据加以剖析对照,达到否定错误观点,树立正确论点的目的。
运用对比要注意所选取的“对体”的正与误、是与非、新与旧的区别要非常明显,要有突出的互相对立的关系;必须要对所要论述的对象的矛盾本质有深刻的认识;可以是人对人、物对物,也可以是纵向比较或横向对照。
当然,以上所概括的这几种论证方法,仅仅使用其中的一种,有时论述也会过于单薄。为强化说服力,许多议论文兼用多种论证方法。不过,使用多种论证方法一定要注意突出其中的一种,才会给人留下深刻的印象。
引证法也叫道理论证,是通过引用名人名言、古诗文名句、反映科学规律的俗语谚语警句等来证明自己观点正确可信的一种论证方法。
引证法在考场或平时练笔写作中的使用频率仅次于例证法。由于引证法引用的是世人公认的思考结晶,能够深刻地反映事物的本质已为无数事实所证明,所以具有巨大的说服力。
怎么用好引证法呢?
1、所引用的名言警句等针对性要强。每句名言都产生于特定的背景,都应用于特定的交际目的,即使谈同一个问题,也有不少名言可供选取。要仔细分析每个道理论据的特有功能,将它引用到最恰当的语言环境之中。
例如:强调立志的重要性,要选用“三军可夺帅也,匹夫不可夺其志。”强调志向高洁远大,要选用“燕雀怎知鸿鹄之志”,某同学沉湎于上网,要选用“玩物丧志”,某同学不能只持之以恒、一暴十寒,要选用“有为之人立长志,无为之人常立志。”
2、要简洁,不宜过多。议论是在发表自己的见解而不是在介绍他人的见解。引用他人的话,目的是为了让读者更加信服自己的话,自己的话应是议论的主体,应是全文最醒目的部分。过多的引文,很容易将自己的分析淹没。
3、要注意直接引用和间接引用的区别。直接引用务求文字、甚至标点均准确无误;间接引用只须述其大意,但要注意人称的转换。
Dear my father and mother,
This letter is my inner feelings. I want to thank both of you for so many years’ care and help.
During my growth, you have made a lot of efforts and love for me. When I make a success, both of you are more excited than me, and support me to do better. Even though I have failed, you always share sorrow with me and encourage me not to give up. Especially, during my preparation for CET-4, the support from you is always everywhere. I have passed the exam successfully.
You love is so unselfish that I am deeply affected, so I will study hard to be a useful person and won’t make you disappointed. Anyway, I would like to express the deep gratitude to you.
With best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
水,生命的代名词,如果没有水我们会怎样?如果只剩最后一滴水了,哪有会怎么样呢?这一切都是未知的,但我们知道到如果在不好好爱惜水着生命的资源,我们会和恐龙一样灭绝,将有新的动物统领地球。
水,我们离不开他;洗衣,做饭,炒菜……水已经是我们生活中必不可缺的伙伴了。假设一下,当那个时候没有水,我们该如何生活下去,可能到了那时候才会知道水的可贵。
现在到处都在宣传节约用水,但是谁又会体会没有水的时候那种渴望喝上哪一点水的滋味呢!让我最为气愤的\'是:每次扫教室时,那一个个只喝了一口的矿泉水,被同学无情的扔进了垃圾,而这些水对于非洲孩子来说这都是活下去的希望,哪怕喝上一小口都是天大的恩赐啊!同学们,我们不要抱怨自己没有那么别人的有的东西,和他们相比其实我们已经很幸福了,不用担心会没水喝,也不用担心没东西吃……别在怨天尤人啦,我们其实很幸福,没有非洲那么的孩子的疾苦连水都喝不上。跟他们相比,我们好像温室里的花朵,不用担心任何东西,而他们却要经历哪风吹雨打。其实全世界能喝的水已经不多了,而我们却还在不加节制的浪费,世界上仅有的1%的淡水可以让我们利用,数据显示全世界人口的五分之一,即11亿人目前得不到安全的饮用水,另有24亿人缺乏良好的卫生设施。每年有500万人因此丧生,其中每15秒钟就有1名儿童死亡。水资源的危机正在威胁每一个国家,如果在不好好爱惜水,下一个灭绝的动物就是人类。
所以大家都行动起来,让最后一滴水不要成真,而且水也是大家活下去的不可缺少的资源之一。
Dear all,
I am writing this letter to express my gratitude to my parents for teaching me to be positive and to be strong. “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.” is the opinion held by Aristotle. It is the experience of our forefathers, however, it is correct even today, including my parenting.
It is widely acknowledged that parenting, which can also be explained as family education, is of great significance in our character forming and manner acquiring. To be more detailed, setting good examples instead of just giving precepts is the greatest achievement of my parents. They not only taught me to think for the best and prepare for the worst; they taught me how. They not only told me the benefits of being strong in mind; they proved it. All those things require huge amount of time and work, but it’s worth it.
Without my parents’ contribution and education, I would never be who I am now. But most importantly, I would never be more gratitude to them than today.
Yours,
XXX
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