1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
他就那样安静地平躺在那里面,一动不动。他的手,静静的放在身体两侧。
“你拍一,我拍一,两个小孩坐飞机;你拍二,我拍二……”院子里,祖孙两个在玩拍手——尽管这是个有些幼稚的游戏。女孩儿咯咯地笑着,笑声像银铃一般。爷爷的手拍在女孩的手上,那个时候,她觉得他的手是火,能驱走所有的严寒。
“走走走走走,我们小手拉大手;走走走走走,我们去郊游……”一路上,女孩始终在握着爷爷的手,不停地摇啊摇。尽管爷爷手上的.老茧磨得她的手有些不舒服,可她仍不肯放开。爷爷紧紧地攥着她的手,生怕她丢了。那个时候,她觉得他的手是柱子,虽然布满老茧,却能撑起一片天地。
…………
她觉得她所有的安心,都在这双手上,并且能够永远放在这双手上。
可是,事与愿违。
那是一个天气多变的下午。
原本以为阳光明媚,可以出去尽情地撒欢。可惜天公不作美,偏偏在她玩得正高兴的时候,天开始阴沉下来,渐渐地下起了雨,于是只能往家赶。
“真是的!好不容易出去玩,怎么下雨了呢!”她嘟囔道,“不过还好,爷爷一定给我做好吃的了!”一想到这,她就心情大好,撒腿往家跑去。
“爷爷!给我做什么好吃的了!我都饿得不行了,我……”还没进家门她就开始喊。可在踏入家门的那一刹那,她愣住了。
她看到满院子的亲戚,围着一口棺材——虽然不知道里面躺的是谁。她连忙用眼睛扫射了在场的所有人,越看越害怕。她用疑惑的眼神盯着妈妈,想要得到一个答案。
妈妈张开嘴,半哑的喉咙里挤出几个字:“是你爷爷。”听到这话,她瞬间愣住了,想冲过去看那棺材,看那个人,双腿却怎么也迈不开。
“你们开什么玩笑啊,别逗我了。”她扯出一丝笑,“我不要玩捉迷藏,你们让爷爷出来啊。”她越说越急,“爷爷你出来啊!出来!”终于,她控制不住了,扯着嗓子戴着哭腔喊着,眼泪一下子喷了出来,跌跌撞撞地朝着棺材跑去。
跑到棺材前,她得到了不想承认可是又不得不承认的答案。几乎是下一秒,她感到窒息,就好像这个世界上只剩下了她自己。她看到周围的人嘴巴在动着,可是却丝毫听不见他们在说些什么。一时间,她竟不知所措。
天上黑云笼罩,像个大黑洞在无尽地吞噬着一切。雨越下越大,冰凉冰凉地浇在她身上。眼睛里流出的本该是滚烫的泪,此刻在雨水的侵蚀下,似乎变得冰冷刺骨。
“爷爷,你起来啊。”她无力地跪倒在棺材旁,脸上没有了任何表情,泪水好像缺了控制开关似的往下流。她掰开他那僵硬而半握着的手,紧紧的拉着,就像当初他拉着她一样。
他的手已经没有了任何的温度,再也没法替她驱散严寒。他的手也没有了力量,没有办法再为她撑起一片天地。
看着他那古铜偏黑色的手,被一条一条皱纹重重叠叠的布满,没有一点光滑。扳开他的手指才发现,他的指甲是淡黄色的,厚厚的指甲有好多已经裂开了,伤口处掺杂着血和泥土。这时候她猛地想起,她答应爷爷要给他剪指甲,直到现在也没有做到。他的手心已经没有了纹路,没有了平面,细丝像老丝瓜里的瓤一样充斥的到处都是,偶尔还有一些裂开的小口子。她拉着他的手,把它放在脸上、额上,怕以后再也触碰不到似的紧紧抓住,握了好久,好久……
这是她第一次也是最后一次这样紧紧地握住爷爷的手,握住爷爷那冰凉冰凉的手。
——那个她,就是我。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
微风拂过我的脸颊,我依旧走在这条小路上。这条小路,我走了不下百次。我从二年级开始就走这条小路,小路的尽头是一个音乐培训部。这里,在我心中种下了音乐的种子,让我能够展示自己。
依旧是熟悉的旋律,依旧是熟悉的这些手。十双孩童光洁的手在同一个教室,演奏着同一篇乐章。美妙的音符在我们指间演奏出来,顿时让人心旷神怡。这时,我们正在备战毕业演出。在教室里练习完之后,我们又向演出场地进军。演出场地里闷热无比,而我们在那一练就是两个小时。练完之后,我们的手心、手背直出汗,用汗如雨下来形容也毫不夸张。
结束之后,我的一位同学却继续留在那里。因为他实力较弱,所以他自己也更加努力,我也留下来陪伴他。一直到夕阳渐沉,他才拖着疲惫的身子离开。我不经意间用余光看了一眼他的手,突然发现他的手上竟嵌着一道疤痕,他肯定是在下午训练时被墙壁上的铁片划破的,我这样想。这时距离演出只有五天时间了,我们五个人和老师都非常努力。在演出前一天,他的手终于好了,但老师还是没有让他参加演出,怕他旧伤复发。
演出时,他坐在观众席里,我们弹到一半时,他突然起身蹲在门口哭了起来。他多么渴望站在舞台呀,可惜他没能参加演出。他付出了努力和汗水,却没有得到应有的结果……这时我又看了一眼他的手,手上布满了一道道的泪痕。他原本光滑修长的手,却在阴暗的角落里,不能再光彩夺目的舞台上表演。现实对于他来说,太残酷了,本应该在舞台上绽放才华的时候,却在角落里慢慢枯萎。
在月光的照耀下,他独自一人走在空旷安静的小路上。走过他曾付出努力和汗水的教室,希望之光就在他眼前,可是又那么遥不可及。他眼中蒙起一层薄薄的水雾,不知在想些什么。
演出已经过去两年,当我再看见他的双手时,已不再那么光滑干净,而是变得粗糙,手上那道疤痕也没有为岁月的磨砺而消失。
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