1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
用以注明写完信的时间,写在署名之后或下边。有时写信人还加上自己的所在的地点,尤其是在旅途中写的信,更应如此。
——莎士比亚
也许是厌倦了苦燥无味的化学方程式,也许是为了逃避令人窒息的x+y,我切盼着每天与你见面。你一次又一次地陪伴着我,你用那泛着清香的扉页,引领着我走向一个鲜活的世界——我心中那份渴望、那片怡人的“绿地”。
你的知识广阔无垠,你的语言富有哲理。你的目光是那么温暖,好像能融化世界上所有冰冻了的心,你的双手是那么温柔,好像能抚平人间的累累伤痕……
当我因失败而痛苦迷惘时,你总这样对我说:“真正的光明并不是没有黑暗的时候,只不过永远不为黑暗所遮蔽罢了;真正的英雄并不是永远没有卑下的情操,只是不为卑下的情操所左右罢了;当你要战胜外来敌人时,首先得战胜你内在的'敌人,你不必害怕沉沦堕落,只要你不断地自拔与更新。”
当我因成功而手舞足蹈时,你总这样对我说:“天外有天,人外有人,强中更有强中手。真正的强者,不但要经得起失败的考验,还要经得起成功后糖衣炮弹的洗礼,当你沉浸在幸福的甜蜜里赏花赏月时,只怕别人已到了峰巅了。”
当我因困惑而不能自拔时,你总这样对我说:“人的一生中会遇到很多人,有的是流星,有的是恒星。流星是美的,可它终究是一颗流星,流星的意义在于瞬间即逝,流星的美也只源于刹那间。流星毕竟是流星,若追寻长久,只能等待属于自己的那颗恒星,死死地抓住这瞬间的美,痛苦只能是自己。”
当我畏首畏尾踌躇不前时,你给我送来这样的诗句:“自信人生二百年,会当水击三千里”;“长风破浪会有时,直挂云帆济沧海”;“我自横刀向天笑,去留肝胆两昆仑”……
是啊!这就是你,不管是树荫之外喧嚣着浮躁的热浪,还是窗外肆虐着凛冽的寒风,只要和你在一起,就会在热浪之中享受一片清凉,在严寒之中享受一份温暖……
也称“起首语”,是对收信人的称呼。
称呼要在信纸第一行顶格写起,后加“:”,冒号后不再写字。称呼和署名要对应,明确自己和收信人的关系。(具体可参见第四编《应酬称谓》称呼可用姓名、称谓,还可加修饰语或直接用修饰语作称呼。这里简要说明几条细则:
(1给长辈的信。若是近亲,就只写称谓,不写名字,如“爸”、“妈”、“哥”、“嫂”等;亲戚关系的,就写关系的称谓,如“姨妈”、“姑妈”等。对非近亲的长辈,可在称谓前加名或姓,如“赵阿姨”、“黄叔叔”等。
(2给平辈的信。夫妻或恋爱关系,可直接用对方名字,爱称加修饰语或直接用修饰语,如“丽”、“敏华”、“亲爱的”等;同学、同乡、同事、朋友的信,可直接用名字、昵称或加上“同学”、“同志”,如“瑞生”、“老纪”、“小邹”、“三毛”等。
(3给晚辈的信。一般直接写名字,如“乐毅”、“君平”、“阿明”等;也可在名字后加上辈分称谓,如“李花侄女”等;亦可直接用称谓作称呼,如“孙女”、“儿子”等。
(4给师长的信,通常只写其姓或其名,再加“老师”二字,如“段老师”、“周师傅”、“宏海老师”等。对于十分熟悉的师长,也可单称“老师”、 “师傅”。假如连名带姓,在信首直称“孙松平老师”、“王达夫师傅”,就显得不大自然且欠恭敬。对于学有专长、德高望重的师长,往往在姓后加一“老”字,以示尊重,如“戴老”、“周老”,亦可在姓名后加“先生”二字。为郑重起见,也有以职务相称的,如“董教授”、“陈大夫”、“佟工程师”等。
(5给一个单位或几个人的信,又不指定姓名的,可写“同志们”、“诸位先生”、“XX等同志”等。给机关团体的信,可直接写机关团体名称。如 “XX委员会”、“XX公司”。致机关团体***的信,可直接用姓名,加上“同志”、“先生”或职务作称呼,亦可直接在机关团体称呼之后加上“领导同志”、“负责同志”、“总经理”、“厂长”等。
如果信是同时写给两个人的,两个称呼应上下并排在一起,也可一前一后,尊长者在前。
上述五种场合,有时还可按特殊对象,视情况加上“尊敬的”、“敬爱的”、“亲爱的”等形容词,以表示敬重或亲密之情。当然,这要用得适宜,如对好友称“尊敬的”,反而显得见外,对无特殊关系的年轻女性贸然称呼“亲爱的”,那就有失检点了。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
正文写完后,都要写上表示敬意、祝愿或勉励的话,作为书信的结尾。习惯上,它被称做祝颂语或致敬语,这是对收信人的一种礼貌。祝愿的话可因人、因具体情况选用适当的词,不要乱用。(可参见下节《常用书信用语》的“祝颂语”。
结尾的习惯写法有两种:
(1在正文写完之后,转一行空两格写“此致”,再换一行写“敬礼”。
(2不写“此致”,只是另起一行空两格写“敬礼”、“安好”、“健康”、“平安”等词。
(3也可以写“平平安安”“天天开心”等词语。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
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