由于长期以来应试议论文的写法被公式化和八股化,教师、考生、家长,都认可和习惯了这些铺天盖地的生硬的要求。机械式的接受和理解,导致了学生议论文“千人一面”的现象。许多学生认为只要把握好论点、论据、论证三大要素,通过摆事实,讲道理,准确表达自己的观点和主张即可,很少关注议论文的写作语言,也不能写出多么出彩的文章。这里说的`“出彩”指的是语言,也就是我们常说的“文采”。
应试议论文也是文章,不能因为它是应试的“框框文”就不需要语言的美感,一个道理说得生动形象,能有效缓解阅卷人的视觉疲劳。为了使学生的文章出彩,在片段训练中,我强调要提升议论文语言的美感和抒情性,让学生掌握驾驭语言的技巧,比如除了采用道理、类比、事例等论证方法外,也可运用比喻、排比、对偶和反复等技巧进行写作,即便是枯燥带有些紧张的议论,也要议论得生龙活虎、洋洋洒洒;生硬的议论,即便论点再正确、论据再充分,论证再有力,阅卷人看了也会昏昏欲睡,也不会得到高分。
《山不过来,我就过去》是往年高考的一个材料,为了给学生自由发挥的空间,我没有交代材料内容,想观察学生在面对这样一个标题时,会选择怎样的角度立意,会怎样归纳中心论点。没有与众不同的写作思维,没有有效归纳中心论点,是很难写出一段优秀的文章的。
这篇作文的材料内容是:人生会遇到很多困难,这些困难的存在是客观的,无法改变的。如果按照这段材料写议论文,考生可以围绕“困难压力不变,成功从自身改变开始”的中心论点展开写。由于学生并没有看到上述材料,结果有了新的视角,比如将山寓意为人生成功的巅峰,成功若不来,我用智慧和勇气走向成功。这个论点很新颖。立意准确,是我们进行片段训练的成效之一。
在进行片段训练的过程中,引导学生进行思考,确定段落的写作思路和例子,然后使它们有机地结合在一起。为了增强文章的说服力,我还鼓励学生运用“举例论证”和“对比论证”来证明文中的事例。让正反两方面的论点或论据作对比,在对比中证明论点,会让人印象深刻。例子属于事实论述,过多使用会使文章显得过于呆板,可鼓励学生综合运用事实论据和理论论据,两者穿插使用,提升文章的趣味性。理论论据包括著作中的精辟见解、古今中外名人的警句、定理公式以及俗语、谚语等,用这些论据有力论证文章中的观点,会增强文章的权威性和说服力,论证的多元也会使得文章更加丰满充分。
写文章不易,对于文学基础较为薄弱的高中生而言更是如此。对于点论结合的片段训练,应引导学生有一个清晰明确的认识,把握好中心论点,选择合适的写作语言,这样才能有效提升高中生的议论文写作水平。
Nowadays,thanks to the reform and opening-up policy, great changes have taken place in countryside. Now let me introduce some changes in details.
如今,由于改革开放政策,在农村发生了巨大变化。现在让我介绍一些具体的变化。
Inthe past, farmers used to live in the huts which were in poor quality. Theywould be destroyed easily in the heavy storm. But nowadays, most farmers havetheir own houses and flats. Some houses are even bigger and more marvelous thanthe ones in the city.
过去,农民们常常住在质量差的小屋。这样的小屋在暴雨中很容易会被破坏。但如今,大多数农民都有自己的房子和公寓。有些房子甚至比城市里的更大、更不可思议。
Inthe past, farmers usually starved to death in disasters, because they hadnothing to eat. But nowadays, farmers can plant many corps to live with or sellthem. No wonder that most of them are wealthy.
在过去,农民通常饿死在灾难中,因为他们没有东西可以吃。但现在,农民可以种植很多庄稼来维持生活或者拿来出售。难怪大部分都是富有的。
Inthe past, farmers were hardly to see the outside world, since they had to trampover the mountains if they wanted to go out. But nowadays, many high ways andtunnels have been built, so it’s convenient for them to go out. Moreover, mostfarmers also have their private cars. Therefore, they can go anywhere theylike.
在过去,农民们很难看看外面的世界,因为如果他们想出去的话,他们不得不徒步翻山越岭。但现在,建立了很多高速公路、隧道,人们出去是很方便的。此外,大多数的农民也有自己的私家车。因此,他们可以去任何他们喜欢的地方。
Inthe past, farmers always suffered from the diseases, because there was nodoctor at all. But nowadays, many hospitals have come into being in countryside, so they can be cured in time.
在过去,农民经常遭受病痛,因为根本就没有医生。但如今,在农村里也有很多医院了,所以他们可以及时得到治愈。
Inthe past, it was difficult for children to study in countryside. Butnowadays, as there are so many schools in countryside, more and morechildren can get a better education.
在过去,农村的孩子很难去上学。但现在,因为在农村有很多学校,越来越多的孩子可以得到更好的教育。
Whata wonderful life in countryside. Maybe countryside will be morethriving than the city in the near future.
在农村的生活是多么美好啊。也许在不久的将来农村会比城市更加繁荣。
Time flies like an arrow before we realize it .It is known that nothing is more precious than time. The good old proverb "time is money" reminds us that time is valuable. When time goes by, it will never return. However, it is a pity that some people don't make full use of their time .They spend a lot of time in sleeping, chatting playing computer games or other unmeaning matters. . They don't realize that wasting time is actually equal to killing themselves. They always regret not having made great achievements. One of the reasons may be they do not make good use of time. Therefore, in order to be successful, they should first get into the habit of being on time. It’s a sign of cherishing time. Don't put off what can be done today until tomorrow. Being lazy will eventually lead to failure. Don't wait, because you don't know how long it will take when you put off your plan.
The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in study or job.
There is an old man who lives next to my door. He lives alone, and sometimes his children will come to visit him. When we asked him why he didn\'t move to live with his children, he said he didn\'t want to interrupt them, because of the different lifestyle. The man likes to sit in front of the shop, where people communicate there every day. He is very talkative and likes to offer help. Once he helped a woman to carry heavy food home. Besides, if people asked him for information, he knew everything. People loved him and got used to seeing him every day. I like to talk to this man, he is smart and can give me some wise opinion. He is definitely a good people and we are willing to ask him to have dinner with us.
有一个老人住在我家隔壁。他独自一个人居住。有时他的孩子会来看他。当我们问他为什么不搬去和他的孩子一起住时,他说他不想打扰他们,因为他们的生活方式不一样。他喜欢坐在商店的前面,人们每天都聚在那里聊天。他很健谈,喜欢帮助别人。有一次,他帮助一个女人把沉重的食物搬到家。如果想跟他打探消息,他基本什么都知道。人们喜欢他,也习惯了每天都见到他。我喜欢和这个人说话,他很聪明,能给我一些建设性的建议。他绝对是个好人,我们都愿意请他和我们一起吃饭。
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