英语定位书写本作文练习纸(英语定位作文练习纸打印模板)

英语定位书写本作文练习纸(英语定位作文练习纸打印模板)

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英语定位书写本作文练习纸(英语定位作文练习纸打印模板)

英语定位书写本作文练习纸【一】

虽然Mike一上来用一句话就概括完《定位》:讲述心理学常识——人由此及彼的偏见。之后就再也没聊书的内容,但他却以精巧细致的解析,加上一个又一个生动的故事趣闻,完美诠释了“定位”如何应用在当下互联网商业里。

《定位》这本书用大量的案例分析来解释一个道理:人们的思维定势是很难改变的,而一开始种下的理念几乎不会主动替换。成功的新兴公司所能寻找的就是在人们不断变化增长的需求里抢先挖掘占领一片新领土,而不是以同样的发展方式和原来的领先者正面对抗。即使是老二,而得有不一样的发展模式,完全照抄第一名基本必死。当然,事情也不是那么绝对,领先者有时也会糊涂,而商业环境变化太快会让整个局势不断逆转——所以书里有不少增补的地方,是作者出来给自己打脸,承认当年的“预测“错了。但大体上,这个理论还是挺实在的。

这就是商业上的基本哲学问题:我是谁,从哪儿来,到哪里去——定位就是在解决一个公司作为独立个体所需要思考的哲学问题。当然,比自然人思考更加实际一点的就是:公司思考这些问题,有个必须的检验指标:生存下去。自然人可以在忙里偷闲想这些问题打发时间,如果这些问题有答案,那么人就可以容光焕发地打好鸡血应对眼前的苟且;如果没有答案,人也可以萎靡不振地混下去等待诗的远方。但公司作为现代商业社会的生存单位,思考这些问题只有一个目的:如何在当前的环境里找到生存发展资源。以前很多公司无论地域还是行业内都是在很小的范围,而互联网所带来的连接/互动/协同(引自Mike的PPT)正在渗透和打破这个“范围“。在不同的地域或者领域里,波及的速度和进度会不一样,但这个趋势无可避免。在国内一日千里的发展速度下,本土互联网商业非常给力。

对于个人来说,思考哲学问题也越来越现实——随着多样化的发展,群体划分也越来越细,随着我们身上的社会属性逐渐增强,自然人越来越像个公司。当我们思考这些哲学问题的时候,很难再像古人躲在被遗忘的清静角落,让脑袋一日千里地奔袭——现在我们更多地是走向即时表达与互动。而公司也不能再用一种模式吃天下,企业文化越有人性的公司,生存能力也越强——那些看似务虚的无用之事,正在发挥更大的作用。

有人说,我怎么还感觉像个螺丝钉?前面不是说了么,波及速度和进度会不一样。另外,只是感觉像个螺丝钉,事实上呢?

英语定位书写本作文练习纸【二】

1. Nancy is too young to dress herself.

Nancy is not _____ _____ to dress herself.

2. My watch doesn't work well.

There is ____ _____ _______ my watch.

3. Jane doesn't go to work by bus any longer.

Jane ____ _____ _____ to work by bus.

4. It took Mary two weeks to prepare for the exam.

Mary _____two weeks____ ______ for the exam.

5. It seems that they have known each other.

They seem to _____ _____ each other.

6. "My grandpa doesn't like coffee or coke" said Bob

Bob said that _____grandpa liked _____coffee _____coke.

7. Cao Fei joined the League three years ago.

Cao Fei _____ ____ _____ the League for three years.

8. I prefer walking there to going by bus.

I prefer to walk there ____ _____ going by bus.

9. -Thank you very much. -You're welcome.

- ____ a lot. -Not at____ .

10. Kitty does well in English.

Kitty ____ ____ ____ English.

11. They realized Hainan was a beautiful place after they reached there.

They____ realize Hainan was a beautiful place_____ they reached there.

12. We will have to finish the work hardly if you don't help us. We can't finish the work _____ _____ ______

13. My dictionary isn't so thick as yours.

My dictionary is _____ than yours.

14. Could you tell me where the East Street Hospital is? Excuse me, ____ is the _____ to the East Street Hospital?

15. The book is exciting to read.

It is ____ _____ read the book.

16. Jack's mother asked him, "Have you packed your things?" Jack's mother asked him ____ he ____ packed his things.

17. She likes singing better than dancing. She ____ singing ____ dancing.

18. Remember to ring me up as soon as you get to Nanjing Make ____ to give me a ring as soon as you _____ Nanjing.

19. They couldn't catch the train because of the heavy traffic. The heital?

15. The book is exciting to read.

It is ____ _____ read the book.

16. Jack's mother asked him, "Have you packed your things?" Jack's mother asked him ____ he ____ packed his things.

17. She likes singing better than dancing. She ____ singing ____ dancing.

18. Remember to ring me up as soon as you get to Nanjing Make ____ to give me a ring as soon as you _____ Nanjing.

19. They couldn't catch the train because of the heavy traffic. The heavy traffic _____ them from _____ the train.

20. My brother has been away from home for two days.

My brother _____ home two days _____ .

21. Li Lei decided to move to Canada when he was thirty.

Li Lei made a _____ to move to Canada at the _____ of thirty.

22. Jim was too careless to pass the exam last term.

Jim was not_____ _____ to pass the exam last term.

23. If you don't hurry up, you can't catch the train.

Hurry up, _____ you may _____ the train.

24. Yang Li wei said to us, "I'm going to visit your school tomorrow. " We were all pleased.

We were all pleased when we heard Yang Li wei_____ visit_____ school the next day.

25. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. I have ____seen _____ an interesting film before.

26. I was late for school because of the traffic accident. The traffic accident _____ me _____ getting to school on time.

英语定位书写本作文练习纸【三】

感谢《定位》这本书,让我对定位有了更深刻的认识。定位不是你对产品要做的事,而是要你在预期客户的头脑里给产品定位。所以说,把这个概念称作“产品定位”是不正确的,好像你在对产品本身做些什么似的。定位就是如何在潜在顾客的心智中实现差异化。问自己一个问题就能知道这个产品在定位上有没有差错:它是什么?如新浪是新闻,百度是搜索引擎,微信是聊天工具。在广告、媒体爆炸的今天,谁能够在客户大脑里占有一个位置,谁就能赢得市场。

反过来讲,如果你的产品在客户头脑里没有一个清晰的定位,那就要倒霉了。想想苹果的牛顿机,它既是传真机,又是传呼机,又是日程表,又是手写式电脑,太复杂了。用户根本分不清它到底是个啥东西,其结果就是被市场淘汰,而简单得多的iPhone却获得了巨大成功。

那么如何才能使你的产品进入客户的大脑,并占据一席之地呢?捷径就是争当第一。你不妨问自己几个简单的问题:

第一个进入太空的中国人叫什么名字?当然是杨利伟了。那第二个人是谁?

世界最高峰叫什么?珠穆朗玛峰呀。没错。但世界第二高峰叫什么呢?

道理很简单,先入为主。能够在同类产品中第一个进入客户大脑的品牌,往往能够在同类产品中位居前列(定位法则一)。历史表明,第一个进入人们头脑的品牌所占据的长期市场份额通常是第二个品牌的两倍、第三个品牌的三倍。

如果你不是第一个进入预期客户头脑的产品,那就得搞出一个能使你成为第一份的名堂来(定位法则二)。而不是与竞争对手直接抗衡。还拿山峰举例,日本的富士山虽然在全球山峰中排不上名次。但却不妨碍它以日本第一高峰的定位扎根到客户的头脑里,并成为日本的象征。

在考虑定位时,一定不要试图改变客户头脑里那些根深蒂固的观念(定位法则三)。啤酒是浅棕色的,如果你非要整出一种白色啤酒,肯定会以失败告终。有位政客说过:“如果那东西看上去像鸭子,走起路来也像鸭子,我就说它是鸭子。”

另外也不要企图让人人都满意,就像每个政治家都会坚持“政治立场”一样,市场营销人员必须坚持“差异化”(定位法则四)。天下的公司太多了。要想不树敌,在各方面都让每个人满意来赢得胜利,这根本办不到。

鉴于每一类产品中都有那么多品种,如果你实在找不到空子可钻,无法成为第一的话,那就必须给竞争对手重新定位(定位法则五)。2005年,在硝烟四起的方便面市场中演绎了一场标新立异的争夺战—陈宝国的一句“我不吃油炸食品,非油炸更健康”广告语,让五谷道场的非油炸方便面短短的几个月内就在消费者心中留下了美好的印象。凭借差异化的营销手段,五谷道场知名度大增,成为了2006年食品行业的一匹黑马。但是千万不要直接说“我们比对手强”这种直接对比性说法。客户心里会问:“既然你那么强,为什么还没发财?”。

定位法则六:名字的威力。一个毫无意义的名字是难以进入人们的头脑。你必须起一个能启动定位程序的名字,一个能告诉预期客户该产品主要特点的名字。实际上打入人们头脑的根本不是产品,而是该产品的“名字”,预期客户就是用这个名字与产品特征挂上钩的。比如提起RIM的“黑莓(BlackBerry)”手机,就会让我们想到外表黑黑的,带有全键盘的手机,看上去就像是草莓表面的一粒粒种子。但是名字的含义不能过于接近该产品内涵本身,像一个通用名称,从而适用于该类别中的所有产品,而不是一个特定品牌的商标。如中国移动刚刚推出的手机电视业务,中国联通的手机邮箱业务等。你能说清手机邮箱是什么吗?是一种邮箱?还是手机自带的收发邮件功能?还是第三方的Pushmail软件,如尚邮?在产品彼此差距不大的情况下,起个好名字就意味着销售额能相差数倍。

定位法则七:“产品延伸”的陷阱。所谓产品延伸,就是利用消费者对现有品牌的认知度和认可度,推出副品牌或新产品,以期通过较短的时间、较低的风险来快速盈利,迅速占领市场。但这恰恰是最容易毁掉一个品牌的做法。

一个品牌就象一个人一样,他的精力是有限的,其形象和面孔也不可能是多变的、多样化的。一个品牌、一个人、一生一世能够专注于做精、做好一件事,在本行业中做到全国乃至世界第一,就非常伟大了,万万不可贪图一个品牌一旦功成便万事皆可挂靠、沾光,挂靠沾光的品牌延伸过程,就会不知不觉中慢慢掏空了原有品牌所积累起来的资产,背弃了原有品牌忠实的消费者群体。这种品牌延伸行为,就连海尔、联想等国人引以为自豪的大品牌也无从幸免。

众所周知,海尔由电冰箱等家电制造进入电脑行业,但人们总觉得不够专业,起码没有IBM或联想专业;而联想由PC主业进入手机市场,当然也会稀释消费者对其电脑专业的定位和形象认知,其手机自然也比不上诺基亚、三星手机更专业;长虹彩电进入空调等家电,结果由原来彩电的巨额盈利变成了巨额亏损。凡此类悲剧性的品牌延伸案例,无论是国外还是国内,从历史来看能够成功且滋润地活下来的,几率是非常小的。

最后再总结一下,有了适当的品牌名称和正确的定位,才能使那些最多算得上平平常常的产品或服务取得成功。有名望的大公司通常难以竞争得过规模较小、但定位明确的公司。规模并不重要,重要的是定位。大多数人认为唯一重要的是产品、价格或服务的质量,这种观点不正确。问题不是出在产品、服务、价格上,而是出在客户对产品、服务、价格的观念上。因此在推出新产品之前,一定要思考清楚定位及品牌问题,切记!

英语定位书写本作文练习纸【四】

按要求改写句子知识点梳理

一、概述

按要求改写句子主要考查学生对句子结构的掌握以及用不同句型表达同一意思的能力。考查所涉及到的句子类型有一般疑问句、否定句、反意疑问句、选择疑问句、对划线部分提问、感叹句、保持原句意思、合并成一句、简单句和复合句之间的互换以及改为被动语态等。

二、解题时需注意的几个要点

1、时态:不同的时态相对应的助动词

一般现在时:谓语动词用原形(主语为第三人称单数时,动词加s或es,变否定句、疑问句时助动词为do或does)

一般过去时:谓语动词用过去式,变否定句、疑问句时助动词为did.

现在完成时:助动词have/has+动词的过去分词

过去完成时:助动词had+动词的过去分词

一般将来时:will/be going to +动词原形

过去将来时:would/was or were going to +动词原形

现在进行时:am/is/are+动词的现在分词

过去进行时:was/were+动词的现在分词

2、语态:主动语态变为被动语态的谓语结构

一般现在时:am/is/are+动词的过去分词

一般过去时:was/were+动词的过去分词

一般将来时:will be+动词的过去分词

情态动词:can/may/must/need等情态动词+be++动词的过去分词

3、改反意疑问句时注意hardly, never, seldom, few, little, no等词表达的是否定意义,变反意疑问句时用肯定形式。

4、在合并句子时,有些连词如not only…but also…, neither…nor…, either…or…是就近原则,连接两个主语时动词形式取决于与动词邻近的主语。而both…and…连接两个主语时,主语是复数。

5、简单句和复合句之间的互换常见的有:带有疑问词的宾语从句改为特殊疑问词+to+动词原形的不定式;结果状语从句so…that…改为enough to或too…to…的简单句。

6、保持原句意思改写句子时注意时态不变。

三、习题

练习一

1. We do our homework every evening. (改为否定句)

We _________ ________ our homework every evening. 对划线部分提问

________ ________ do they have a class meeting?

3. She could hardly understand this passage. (改为反意疑问句

She could hardly understand this passage, _________ __________?

4.The manager told him how to get useful information. (改为否定句

The manager _________ _________ him how to get useful information.

5. Tom’s sister can speak English and Japanese very well. (改为反意疑问句

Tom’s sister can speak English and Japanese very well, _________ _________?

对划线部分提问

_________ _________ he live twenty years ago?

7. Sam does some cleaning in the morning. (改为否定句

Sam _________ do _________ cleaning in the morning.

对划线部分提问

_________ _________ have the students worked on the survey?

9. Your father used to ride a bike. (改成反意问句)

Your father used to ride a bike, _______ ________? (对划线提问)

__________ ___________ the population of Germany?

11. Mr. Wang washes his car once a month. (改为一般疑问句)

Mr. Wang (对划线部分提问

will Susan come back from Athens?

13. My friends lost their way when they were traveling in Hong Kong. (改为一般疑问句

________ your friends ________ their way when they were traveling in Hong Kong?

14. 对划线部分提问

________ ________ has Yao Ming been in the Rocket Team?

15. She put the digital camera on the bed just now. (改为否定句

She _________ _________ the digital camera on the bed just now.

16. Mark's flown to Hainan Island for winter holidays. (改为反意疑问句

Mark's flown to Hainan Island for winter holidays, _________ _________?

(专辑. (划线部分提问

_________ did Super Girl Zhou Bichang _________ to Vienna?

18. I’ve already saved enough money to buy a new car. (改为否定句

I ________ saved enough money to buy a car ________.

19. Lily used to have long straight hair. (改为反意疑问句

Lily used to have long straight hair, ________ ________?

20. He has already been there .(改为一般疑问句

__________ he been there __________?

21.They decided that they wouldn't have the picnic because of the bad weather. (改为简单句

They decided __________ _________ have the picnic because of the bad

weather.

22. The English people hardly ever shake hands between the strangers .( 改为反意疑问句

The English people hardly ever shake hands between the strangers, __________ __________?

23. They grew some sunflowers in their garden last year.(改为否定句)

They __________ __________ any sunflowers in their garden last year.

24. Jane drinks milk every morning.(改为一般疑问句)

_________ Jane ___________ milk every morning? (就划线部分提问)

___________ map ___________ to Class 4?

26. You can choose only one of the two: a mini-TV or a DVD player. (改为选择疑问句

you want a mini-TV a DVD player?

27. That detective film is so amazing. (改为感叹句)

___________ ___________ amazing detective film!

28. He has some money left.(改成否定句)

He money left.

29. (划线部分提问)

do the members of the film society meet?

30. His mother knew why the little boy was unhappy all day. (改为一般疑问句

_______ his mother _______ why the boy was unhappy all day?

31. He looks very funny with that hat on. (改为感叹句

_______ _______ he looks with that hat on!. 对划线部分提问

_______ _______ they build this factory?

33. I have already finished the test paper.(改为否定句)

I ________ finished the test paper ________.

34. Johnson denied cheating in the competition.(改为反意疑问句)

Johnson denied cheating in the competition, ________ ________? (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ the story need to be funny?

36. Sam does some cleaning in the morning. (改为否定句

Sam _________ do _________ cleaning in the morning.

对划线部分提问 _________ _________ have the students worked on the survey?

38. (对划线部分提问) _________ _________ has he been a top fashion designer?

39. 对划线部分提问

________ ________ will they move into the new school?

40. to go to the People’s Square by underground. (对划线部分提问

________ _______ did it take you to go to the People’s Square by underground?

练习二:

1. Gold is less valuable than diamond. (保持句意不变

Gold is ________ ________ valuable as diamond.

2. He told the children to go and watch his tank of Ghost fish. (改为被动语态 The children ________ ________ to go and watch his tank of Ghost fish.

3. Unless I have a quiet room, I cannot do any work. (保持句意不变)

I cannot do any work ________ I _________ have a quiet room.

4. The manager arrived here a few minutes ago. (保持句意不变)

The manager has _________here ________ a few minutes.

5. They will send him to work in Japan for one year. (改为被动语态

He will ________ _________ to work in Japan for one year.

6. The words on the notice board are very small. I can’t see them clearly.(保持句子原意

The words on the notice board are small I can’t see them

clearly.

7. We can solve the problems with the help of the teacher. (改为被动语态 The problems can _________ _________ with the help of the teacher.

8. We can’t finish the work in such a short time. (保持原句意思

It’s _________ _________ us to finish the work in such a short time.

9. We must keep the noise under 50 dbs.(分贝(改成被动语态)

The noise must ________ _______ under 50 dbs here.

10. Mike doesn’t like classical music. Billy doesn’t either. (合并成一句) _________ Mike nor Billy __________ classical music.

11. The room is so dirty that we can’t live in it.(保持句意不变)

The room isn’t __________ _________ for us to live in.

12. No one knows when we will start tomorrow. (保持原句意思)

No one knows start tomorrow.

13. The Smiths will invite the professor to take part in the party. (改成被动语态 to take part in the party by the Smiths.

14. If you are not brave, you’ll lose your last chance.(保持原句意思)

you are ’ll lose your last chance.

15. They store much information in the computer. (改成被动语态

Much information ________ ________ in the computer.

16. Don’t throw rubbish here and there. Our teacher said to us. (合并为一句

Our teacher told us ________ ________ throw rubbish here and there.

17. If John doesn’t apologize for what he did, I will tell the teacher about his bad behavior.

(保持原句意思)

_______ John _______ for what he did, I will tell the teacher about his bad behavior.

18. I don't know where we can grow vegetables in the city. (改为简单句 I don't know _________ _________ grow vegetables in the city.

19. People used to enjoy themselves chatting on MSN when it worked well. (保持句意基本不变

People used to _________ a lot of _________ chatting on MSN when it worked well.

20. If you don’t improve your handwriting, you will lose marks in the exam. (合成同义句

You will lose marks in the exam ________ you ________ your handwriting.

21. To go fishing is fun. (句意不变 )

_____ is fun _____ ______ fishing.

22. Dick was so short that he couldn’t touch the top of the bookshelf.(保持句意基本不变)

Dick wasn’t __________ __________ to reach the top of the bookshelf.

23. “Can I borrow your bike for a while or not?”( 保持句意基本不变)

Tom asked his sister __________ he __________ borrow her bike or not for a while.

24. The couple couldn’t decide which flat they should choose at first. (保持原句意

思)

The couple couldn’t decide which flat at first.

25. Meaningless information is difficult for the little boy to remember. (保持原句意思)

is difficult for the little boy remember meaningless information.

26. People throw away millions of plastic bags in our city every day. (改成被动语态)

Millions of plastic bags away in our city.

27. She was so careless that she couldn’t find the mistakes in her test paper. (保持句意基本不变

She was _______ _______ to find the mistakes in her test paper.

28. We will hold the next Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.(改为被动语态)

The next Olympic Games will _______ _______ in Beijing in 2008.

29. The elderly man pushed the birds into the river.(改为被动语态)

The birds ________ ________ into the river by the elderly man.

30. Dolphins are so clever that they can follow the instructions.(保持句意基本不变) Dolphins are ________ ________ to follow the instructions.

31. We can’t finish the work in such a short time. (保持原句意思

It’s _________ _________ us to finish the work in such a short time.

32. They invited the astronaut and his wife to the party on Christmas Eve.(改为被动语态

The astronaut and his wife _________ _________ to the party on Christmas Eve.

33. The little girl didn’t go to bed unless the grandmother told her a story. (保持句意基本不变

The little girl didn’t go to bed _________ the grandmother _________ tell her a story.

34. The plane is so big that it can carry 300 passengers at one time. (改为简单句)

The plane is big _________ _________ carry 300 passengers at one time.

35. Did they know the answer to the question? Ididn’t know… (合并为一句 I didn’t know ________ they had ________ the answer to the question.

Keys

练习一

1. don’t do 2. How often 3.could she 4.didn’t tell 5.can’t she

6.where did 7.doesn’t any 8.How long 9.didn’t he 10.What is

英语定位书写本作文练习纸【五】

《定位》这本书看完了,通篇讲了不少在美国商业界经典的商业案例,让读者比较容易的明白产品定位对于产品长久发现的重要作用,其中有两章抽象总结定位的几个个人定位和产品定位的要素,还是值得去细细思考的。

找匹马骑(选择大于努力

在历史上有很多不得志的牛人,最后含恨而终。相信在你的周边也有很多执着聪明的人,职场的境遇也不是很好,找其原因,可能会归结到一点:你是不是选对了,正如梁宁老师所说「顺势而为」,文中也讲到了六匹马。

第一匹马是你所在的公司

第二匹马是你的老板

第三匹马是你的朋友

第四匹马是一个想法

第五匹马是信心

第六匹马是你自己

相信腾讯阿里的员工很幸福,但其实他们的能力也许没有联想之类的公司的能力强。原因在于这两家公司处于快速的上升期。大环境的强大,让每个员工的工作都充满了希望,因为每写一行代码,解决一个问题都能影响到亿万的用户。

决定公司发展前途更多的是老板的高度和视野。用一个现在使用比较时髦的词就是老板的认知边界。相信大家都比较推崇马云的战略大局观,这就是马云的认知边界很宽广,用梁宁老师的话来说,就是马云现在还没有发现他的边界在哪里,阿里走了很多超前的路,都证明马云的战略眼光的精准度。

借用辉哥的一个经验,如果你想跳槽,那么你把这个公司的老板的最近12个月的讲话拿出来,看看这个老板的讲话的水平和前后的一致性,你就基本能判断这个老板的水平是什么样的了,你也就能大体判断出来这个公司的走向了。老板很重要!!

第三个朋友就更重要了,交一个知心的朋友很重要。一个志同道合的朋友是一生受用的财富。跟交心的朋友无论聊天,工作都是一件很舒服的事情。另外,很多事情的决定和选择,朋友也会不遗余力的去帮助。一句话,朋友遍天下,走到哪里都不怕!!

书中把自己放到了最后一位,这个我还是比较认同的(很多人可能看了很多名人传记或者心灵鸡汤而不认同,但是普通大众是这样的。有个同事说过一个比较有意思的理论:一个人能决定自己的命运只有10%,90%是其他因素决定的。确实,自己准备好了,合理运用其他的运势,成功的几率会大大提升。

六问自己

最后有一章讲产品通通向成功的六个问题也是蛮有意思。

第一,你已经拥有什么定位

第二,你想拥有什么定位

第三,你必须超越谁

第四,你足够有钱吗

第五,你能坚持到底吗

第六,你的传播体现了自己的定位吗?

拿自己参与的产品来问问这几个问题,看看如何?

手百拥有什么定位?

手百现在主打的搜索+信息流的双引擎,那定位是什么呢?搜索和feed理论上是两个消费场景。所以在定位上也是存在切换的情况,有事的时候定位是搜索,没事的时候定位是feed。这种定位会深入用户的心智么?

手百想拥有什么定位呢?

综合来看,手百的更多的是目标导向,想更多的抢占用户的时间。围绕搜索功能,外围让更多服务在用户要离开的时候把用户拉回来。feed、小说等等,都是出于这个目的了,手百想拥有的更多是结果,而没有给用户心里一个定位。

手百要超越谁呢?

feed是要超越头条,搜索已经是市场第一,近期手百在做小程序,小程序作为满足搜索的长尾需求,场景还是比较契合的,那么手百要在这个纬度超越微信的小程序。超越的竞品还是蛮多的。

后三个大家一起想想哈!

英语定位书写本作文练习纸【六】

第三次课: 分词在句子中的用法

教学目标: 使学生初步了解及在句子使用分词

教学内容:

一、 动名词及不定式作业讲解

二、分词

现在分词和过去分词两种。

作为谓语,现在分词和be 一起构成进行时;过去分词和be一起构成被动语态,和have一起构成完成时。

例如:

I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小说。(现在分词和be 一起表示主语正在进行的动作。)

Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 鲁宾逊先生已经喝了五杯酒了。(过去分词和have 一起表示主语已经完成的动作。)

The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金鱼缸刚才被小陶打破了。(过去分词和be 一起表示主语是动作的承受者。)

作为非谓语形式,分词可用作形容词和副词,在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。 现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态;它的完成式(having + 过去分词)表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。

现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词。

过去分词只有一般式,表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。过去分词(及物动词)本身可以表示被动的含义,因而没有别的被动形式。

例如:

Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. 他失败了三次,不想再干了。(having failed 表示发生在前的动作)

Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe? 克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候,看见沙上有人的脚印。(walking 表示同时发生的动作)

The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important. 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。

The old days are gone. 旧时代一去不复返了。(gone 表示完成的状态)

I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理发了。(cut 是及物动词的过去分词,表示“被人理发”。) 分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上not, never等否定词构成。

例如:

Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩儿不知道怕火,用手去摸,把手指烫了。

Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎样找到地铁,就去找警察帮忙。

(一)现在分词和过去分词的区别

(1)在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思,表示它所修饰的人或物的行为;及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思,表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。换言之,现在分词是它修饰

的成分所作出的动作,过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。

例如:

convincing facts 有说服力的事实 / convinced audience 被说服了的听众

the exploiting class 剥削阶级 / the exploited class被剥削阶级

a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一条被吓坏了的狗

driving gears主动齿轮 / driven gears从动齿轮

(2)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已完成。

例如:

the rising sun (正在升起的太阳 / the risen sun(升起的太阳)

the falling rain(正在下的雨)/ the fallen leaves(落下的树叶)

stolen money(被盗的钱/偷来的钱)/ill-gotten wealth(不义之财)

a high-flying kite(高飞的风筝)

再看一些例子:

boiling water 沸腾的水/boiled water 开水/developing countries 发展中国家/developed countries 发达国家/an exciting story 令人激动的故事/ excited people 激动的人们

(2)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已完成。

再看一些例子:

surprising news令人惊讶的消息/a surprised man受惊吓的人/an inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高兴的演说/the delighted audience(感到高兴的听众/a moving film动人的电影/the moved children受到感到的孩子们/a box containing tea装茶叶的盒子/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪

(3)做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征,意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态,意思是“感到如何”。

例如:

His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。

We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。

The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。

常用的还有:amusing/amused,astonishing/astonished,disappointing/disappointed,exciting/excited,frightening/frightened,interesting interested,moving/moved, relaxing/relaxed,satisfying/satisfied,shocking/shocked,surprising/surprised,terrifying/terrified,tiring/tired,worrying/worried等等。

(4)做状语的区别,分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。

例如:

Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note。看到没人在家,她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义,几乎同时

The secretary worked late into the night,preparing a speech for the president。秘书工作到晚上很晚,给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义,同时

Tired of the noise,he closed the window。对噪音感到厌烦,所以他把窗户关上。(被动意义,

在谓语之前

Deeply moved,she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感动,再三谢我。(被动意义,在谓语之前

Persuade by my mother,she gladly went there alone。在我母亲劝说下,她才高兴地独自去那里。(被动意义,在谓语之前

如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生,现在分词要用完成形式,但意思仍然是主动的。 例如:

Having watered the vegetables,they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables,they began to pick up the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。 Having finished the work,he packed his tools and left。完工后,他收拾起工具走了。 分词做状语时,前面可用连词或介词。

例如:

After eating my dinner quickly,I went to see Jim off。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。 Though built before the Second World War,the engine is still in good condition。尽管是在二战以前建的,这引擎仍然处于良好状态。

Unless paying by credit card,please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款,请用现金付。 Tom will never do this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种事,除非被逼无奈。 She’s been quite different since coming back from America。从美国回来后,她大变了。

(二)用法

1.作定语。作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的词是something,anything,everything,nothing等,则分词放在这些词之后。分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词之后。

例如:

This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。这是一本有趣的书。

There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。消息中有些有趣的事。

The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学老师

The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。

Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing?唱歌的学生多数是女生。

Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were questioned?被问的许多村里人都拒绝。

注意:(1)分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别:

分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系,而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。

现在分词 动名词

A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping正在睡觉的孩子 A sleeping car(a car for sleeping卧车

A flying bird(a bird that is flying飞鸟 A flying course(a course for flying飞行课程

A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming游泳的女孩 A swimming pool(a pool for swimming游泳池

The running water(the water that is running流水 The running track(the track for running跑道 现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读,动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。

(2)现在分词作定语时,它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生(或差不多同时发生。

例如:

Who is the boy dancing over there?在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?

The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。

如果两个动作在时间上有先后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而往往用主从复合句结构。 例如:

The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那个人会回来的。

The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老师要找打破了窗子的那个学生谈话。

(3)be的现在分词being不能用作定语(可用作状语或被动语态中的助动词。表示这种概念时,也用主从复合句结构。

例如:

He has a brother who is a worker。他有一个当工人的兄弟。

2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。

例如:

Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,They stood up。学生们看见老师走进房间,都站了起来。 (时间

Heated,the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间

Being excited,I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ,I couldn’t go to sleep。我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因

Being a student,he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student,he was interested in sports。 他是个学生,所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因

Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞,决定更加努力学习物理。 (原因 The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式

The professor stood there,surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。教授站在那里,许多学生围着他。(行为方式

While reading the newspaper,father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper,father nodded from time to time。看报时,父亲不时地点头。(时间(分词前,可加表示时间的连词while或when。

3、作宾语补足语。

例如:

Can you get the machine going again?你能使机器再动起来吗?

You should have your hair cut。你该理发了。

I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。

4、作表语。

例如:

The film is very moving。这部影片很感人。

Your homework is well done。你的作业做得好。

The visitors looked surprised.参观者看上去很惊讶。

The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。

5、作句子独立成分(分词有自己的逻辑主语时,称为独立主格结构。)

例如:

Flags flying,the army men marched in the streets。旗帜飘扬,军队在街上行进。

All his ribs broken,he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断,半死不活地躺着。

分词(短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。

My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间,解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作,它们之间是主动关系

Given more attention,the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系

We explored the caves,Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险,彼得做向导。 (独立主格 The train having gone,we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时,前面可以加上连词或介词,但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but,and,因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分,而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。

例如:

误:Having been told many times,but he still couldn’t understand it。

正:He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。

注意:(1)分词作状语时,逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。 例如:

Looking out of the window,I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window,I saw lots of people there。

我往窗外一看,看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the window的逻辑主语,就是句子的主语I。

(2)在see,hear,watch,notice等动词后,用动词不定式作宾语补语,通常表示(强调动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语,则通常表示动作正在进行。 例如:

We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我们坐了两个小时,看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做实验

We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教宰的一刹那间,看见老师正存做实验

I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看见他走进房间,打开抽屉,拿出一份文件,拍了照又放回去(表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时,用动词不定式。

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