(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目
______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
这个问题和前一个问题一样,没有固定的`回答。如果你能保证在给定的行数内能将所有考虑出的答案写出来,完全可以竖着写,条理还比较清楚,阅卷老师也很容易找你的点。但是如果你不能保证,或者想多写点内容,那就最好不要竖着列下来,因为竖着写,几乎每一行都会有几个空格,这些空着的格子也许对有些同学来说,就意味着可以多写一两条不同的意思。但横着写也并不意味着要把所有内容融到一起,同样可以用语言分节符或数字分节符表示出层次关系。
每个考生几乎都有思考这个问题,其实在改卷的时候,没有哪位考生是因为写了“答”字而多得了几分,也没有哪位考生因为没有写而被扣掉几分。所以结论就是写不写都可以,只要保持整个答案的格式一致性即可。如果写,那就是“答”和其后面的冒号占两格,顶格写,后面分段直接空两格开行。如果不写,开行的格式和后面分段开行对齐。
万事开头难,文章开头更是万难之中的最难。但由于“首因定律”的影响,开头对于文章又是最为重要的部分。特别是在考场文章中,阅卷人阅读时间较短的情况下,文章开头就直接影响着整篇文章的印象。总的来说,文章开头很重要,但不好写。
所谓议论文,简单来说就是申明主张、说服他人的文体,其核心诉求在于让他人认同作者的主张。在文章写作中,尽快的.表明主张一定是使文章有节有次、有方向路径的重要手段。因此,文章开头表明观点主张一定是最重要的功能,即在文章开头需要去阐述主张观点,使文章呈现出先叙后议的节次。例如国考20xx年副省要在开头表明“城乡文明、人造与自然文明之间的关系是互补的”这个核心观点;18年副省要表明“科学、艺术和古文化是想象力的源泉”这一核心主张。
在明确这样的核心原则之后,文章开头就变得简单了,最简单的方法就直接阐述出文章中心论点作为开头,例如人民日报评论员文章“大力推进高校治理能力建设”的开头就是:“在推进双一流高校建设进程中,我们要紧紧围绕为党育人、为国育才,找准问题、破解难题,以一流意识和担当精神,大力推进高校的治理能力建设。”短短的68字阐述中心思想,即可作为开头。
但如果直接阐述观点,其实就会陷入另两种困境,一是开头简短,论证段难以充实的困境;二是观点得出唯有铺垫,阅卷人难以接受,有突兀的感觉的困境。此两种困境,为文章后续不能发挥出色,将成为致命缺陷。因此,在表明思想观点之前我们常常要有所铺垫,先叙前言、再叙观点。而这个铺垫的目的其实就只是告知读者观点得出的依据是什么,把自己得出观点的过程说明出来而已,而叶圣陶又在《文章例话》中有言:任何想法都出于客观现实,于是我们可以得出这样的文章开头思路:阐述客观事实(此是后续观点得出的依据,进而对事实进行分析,最后得出观点。此三步就是文章写作的基本逻辑思路,这并非我们瞎捉摸的,此三步符号“八股文”的开头写法,即破题+承题+起讲;此三步又可以衍生出许多技巧出来,小编申论开头的归纳概括式、转折递进式、案例分析式的方法都是出于这个思路逻辑。
于是,我们在作答申论的议论文时,对于开头,只需要立足材料,把握材料引出中心思想的根据,再把材料的根据作为开头的铺垫就可以呈现为一个思路清晰、内容准确的文章开头了。
申论作文分论点论证之举例论证
谈到写作文,不少学生觉得好难,特别是作文分论点的论证。要么觉得无话可说,要么觉得论证无力,不能很好支持分论点。那小编就来跟大家讨论一下这个问题。我们在论证分论点的时候可以采用道理论证,举例论证,还可以采用道理与举例相结合的论证方式。这里,我们主要来说说举例论证。
首先,举例论证的例子从哪里来选取呢?如果给定资料里有可以使用的案例,我们可以适量使用。但不要大量案例都依赖于材料。当然还需要大家平时勤加积累,在作文举例论证中最好使用积累到的热点,典故等。其次,明确了案例来源,又该如何塑造和提取案例呢?我们可以使用主体、处境、做法、结果四大要素将案例从众多文字或者脑海中提取出来。最后,在论证中,对于精华案例,比如:新鲜又贴切的热点,我们可采用一个案例精讲详细论证,既不让阅卷者感到乏味,也能保证分论点的字数。当担心单一案例字数不够时,可以使用正反两个案例对比论证,形成一种对比冲突,增强文学性。当对于所用案例记忆不全面时,还可以多个同类型案例排比论证。在下面给大家附上一个例子:
两个案例对比:
转变思路,完善居家养老,让老人乐享亲情。与儿女的情感交流是老人乐享天伦不可或缺的部分。如果缺少子女的关怀与问候,独守“老窝”的晚年自然不会幸福。某社区王女士数十年如一日照顾自己卧病的婆婆,繁忙中不忘关心老人的心理状况,分享老人的悲愁,传为当地的一段佳话。然而也有记者采访一位被诈骗的老人,老人说只有保健品推销员关心她,陪她聊天,帮做家务,甚至给她洗脚做护理,比儿子还亲,就算知道这是糖衣炮弹她也愿意吃。由此可见,老人对于情感关怀的需求之迫切。这就需要子女转变思路,尽量抽出时间多与老人相处,同时也可充分利用新媒体等加强与父母沟通,让老人感受到亲情的关怀,乐享天伦。
申论真题 申论答案 申论热点 申论范文 申论答题技巧
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为,翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程,它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理,而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则,翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者(听者)的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究,对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为:“翻译就是交际。”他指出,信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用,而译文如果起不到交际作用,不能为读者所理解,就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者,因此,要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图,这就需要译者首先要理解原文,并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联,获得最佳的语境效果,最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果,并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程,而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此,译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力,还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力,帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息,这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合,产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中,译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解,从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而,译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构,将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者,只会使译文读者不知所云,导致交际失败。例如,如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达,并未传达原文的真实意义,对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道:壁橱里藏骷髅,丑事家家有。”这样,译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联,译文也更易被中国读者所接受,译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁,其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功,译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。因此,译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解,做出准确的判断,对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人,成事在天”的翻译,霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes,God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩,使译作带上了基督教色彩,从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换,意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中,既要重视语言本身,也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设,不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境,还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息,这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境,而是一系列语境。在话语理解中,人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行,主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的,而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下,交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反,这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设,通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如:“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中,“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起,但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起,汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境,按照中国人的认知思维,把fox翻译成“狐狸精”,那无疑是错误的,因为在英语中,它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此,译者应该对原语进行文化推理,获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文,达到交际的目的。
(一)标点符号需要独立占格
这是标点符号最基本的格式,很多考生惯于将标点符号点在字的右下角,平时不是很显眼。但,公务员考试是有格子的,而标点符号的格式在评分标准中有明确的要求,所以必须习惯于将标点符号也当成文字的一个独立部分。单独占格的标点符号一般有以下几种:逗号、分号、冒号、问号、叹号、句号、顿号等。需要占双格的标点符号一般有如下几种:破折号、省略号、引号、书名号、括号等。对于双格标点符号,一定要注意即使是多个格子也依然要将其写成一个整体。但是如果遇到以下几种特殊情况,则需要做特殊处理。
(二)标点符号的特殊格式
1、除了《 “ ——这三种情况,其他的标点符号(包括 》 ” )一律不能顶格写,如果在末格写完文字需要除以上三种情况之外的标点符号,就在字的右下角标出;破折号和省略号需要占双格,但是如果出现在最后一个,就只需要占一格即可,不能将其分成两个部分。
2、《 “ 这两种情况不能在末格出现,如果出现在末格,或者与文字挤在一格,或者移到下一行出现。
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