提纲是用纲要的形式把一本书或一篇文章的论点、论据提纲挚领地叙述出来。提纲可按原文的章节、段落层次,把主要的内容扼要地写出来。提纲读书笔记可以采用原文的语句和自己的语言相结合的方式来写。
评注式读书笔记不单是摘录,而且要把自己对读物内容的主要观点、材料的看法写出来,其中自然也包括表达出笔记作者的感情。评注式笔记有时对摘录的要点做概括的说明。评注式笔记有下列几种:
心得笔记也叫读后感。读书后把自己的体会、感想、收获写出来。这些读书笔记,可以写读书时的心得体会,也可以写对原文的某些论点的发挥或提出批评、商榷的意见。写这种笔记,一般是以自己的语言为主,也可适当地引用原文。
Beloved father and mother:
How do you do!
If you are the water, then I am the small fish in the water; if you are the blue sky, I am the little bird flying in the sky; if you are the sea, I am the coral reef in the sea.
It is very early to tell you what I have said in my heart. I have never had a chance to tell you about it in the middle of the exam.
When I was born, you were afraid of money and sent me to the countrys aunts house. An aunt to me very well, when I get married daughter, I live very happily. At the age of nine, you sent me to the home of the great man in the city, where I had been suffering for three years because they did not see me as a man. Three years later, back to you, I think I will be very happy and happy, but you...
Because Im not growing up with you, you dont trust me, you know how I want your understanding and trust!
Remember that year, one night, you know that I called the countrys aunt, you gave me a meal, looked at the body of blood, I couldnt help crying, but you are screwing my ears, my heart is very painful, more painful. And let me kneel on the floor brick for two or three hours. You too did not understand me, they bear bitter hardships to bring me up, shouldnt I call them?
You know, how I hope to get your understanding!
On that day, the teacher asked to pay the book for twenty yuan. When I speak to you, your great response, Dad shouted to me: "tomorrow let your teacher to write a check up, is not really to pay!" your mother is saying: "I ask tomorrow!" you know, you hurt her pure heart ah! The second day, the teacher call you, after confirming you dont apologize to me, but that day for money!
You know how I want to get your trust!
Its the wind! You blow a little faster and wake up your mom and dads brain! Let them wake up!
Small fish also need freedom, birds need to understand, and coral reefs need trust, isnt it?
Mom and Dad, just ask the wind to tell you what I think!
This
Salute!
Your daughter: X
* * * * year * day
笔记本
成册笔记本可用来抄原文、写提纲、记心得、写综述。长处是便于保存,缺点是不便分类,但可按类单独成册。
活页本
活页本可用来记各种各样笔记。便于分类,节约纸张也便于日后查阅。
卡片
便于分类,可按目排列,便于灵活调动又节省纸张,但篇幅小,内容不宜长。
剪报
把报纸和有用资料剪下来,长文章可贴在笔记本或活页本上,短小材料可贴在卡片上。剪报材料可加评注,也可分类张贴,要注明出处,以便使用。
全文复印
重要读书材料,为保持完整性,可全文复印编目分类留用。
记忆
如果能用大脑记下来的话就能更好地在生活中运用笔记中的知识,何乐而不为呢?
书签式
平时读书时遇到需要背诵的内容,可记在书签上,夹在书里、放在口袋里或插在专放书签的袋子里 ,一有空就读一读背一背,记得牢为止,再把它存放起来。可以帮助记忆。
图像式
阅读完之后,可以将书中的主要内容和重点整理成概念图或思维导图,这样相对对传统的文字式读书笔记,更加方便快捷。
也称“起首语”,是对收信人的称呼。
称呼要在信纸第一行顶格写起,后加“:”,冒号后不再写字。称呼和署名要对应,明确自己和收信人的关系。(具体可参见第四编《应酬称谓》称呼可用姓名、称谓,还可加修饰语或直接用修饰语作称呼。这里简要说明几条细则:
(1给长辈的信。若是近亲,就只写称谓,不写名字,如“爸”、“妈”、“哥”、“嫂”等;亲戚关系的,就写关系的称谓,如“姨妈”、“姑妈”等。对非近亲的长辈,可在称谓前加名或姓,如“赵阿姨”、“黄叔叔”等。
(2给平辈的信。夫妻或恋爱关系,可直接用对方名字,爱称加修饰语或直接用修饰语,如“丽”、“敏华”、“亲爱的”等;同学、同乡、同事、朋友的信,可直接用名字、昵称或加上“同学”、“同志”,如“瑞生”、“老纪”、“小邹”、“三毛”等。
(3给晚辈的信。一般直接写名字,如“乐毅”、“君平”、“阿明”等;也可在名字后加上辈分称谓,如“李花侄女”等;亦可直接用称谓作称呼,如“孙女”、“儿子”等。
(4给师长的信,通常只写其姓或其名,再加“老师”二字,如“段老师”、“周师傅”、“宏海老师”等。对于十分熟悉的师长,也可单称“老师”、 “师傅”。假如连名带姓,在信首直称“孙松平老师”、“王达夫师傅”,就显得不大自然且欠恭敬。对于学有专长、德高望重的师长,往往在姓后加一“老”字,以示尊重,如“戴老”、“周老”,亦可在姓名后加“先生”二字。为郑重起见,也有以职务相称的,如“董教授”、“陈大夫”、“佟工程师”等。
(5给一个单位或几个人的信,又不指定姓名的,可写“同志们”、“诸位先生”、“XX等同志”等。给机关团体的信,可直接写机关团体名称。如 “XX委员会”、“XX公司”。致机关团体***的信,可直接用姓名,加上“同志”、“先生”或职务作称呼,亦可直接在机关团体称呼之后加上“领导同志”、“负责同志”、“总经理”、“厂长”等。
如果信是同时写给两个人的,两个称呼应上下并排在一起,也可一前一后,尊长者在前。
上述五种场合,有时还可按特殊对象,视情况加上“尊敬的”、“敬爱的”、“亲爱的”等形容词,以表示敬重或亲密之情。当然,这要用得适宜,如对好友称“尊敬的”,反而显得见外,对无特殊关系的年轻女性贸然称呼“亲爱的”,那就有失检点了。
称呼和祝颂语后半部分的顶格,是对收信人的一种尊重。是古代书信“抬头”传统的延续。古人书信为竖写,行文涉及对方收信人姓名或称呼,为了表示尊重,不论书写到何处,都要把对方的姓名或称呼提到下一行的顶头书写。它的基本做法,为现代书信所吸收。
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