比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物,通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。
如:上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较,并阐明了彼此的联系。
(1Lifetime goals should be written out.
(2Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.
(3These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.
举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法,是最常见,往往也是最有效的阐释模式。
提醒
举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的`例子,并注意按照一定的顺序编排。
请看上述范文第二段:“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例,如,赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。
People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pollution. Pollution is caused either by man’s release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance, such as oil from oil tankers into the sea.
The whole industrial process which makes many of the goods and machines we need and use in our daily lives, is bound to create a number of waste products which upset the environmental balance, or the ecological balance as it is also known. Many of these waste products can be prevented or disposed of sensibly, but clearly while more and more new and complex goods are produced there will be new, dangerous wastes to be disposed of, for example, the waste products from nuclear power stations. Many people, therefore, see pollution as only part of a larger and more complex problem, that is, the whole process of industrial production and consumption of goods.
Others again see the problem mainly in connection with agriculture, where new methods are helping farmers grow more and more on their land to feed our ever-increasing populations. However, the land itself if gradually becoming worn out as it is being used, in some cases, too heavily, and artificial fertilizers cannot restore the balance.
Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts. In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste. Food comes wrapped up three or four times in packages that all have to be disposed of; drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which cannot be reused. This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in terms of glass, metals and paper. Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also to throw away much of what we do buy.
Pollution and waste combine to be a problem everyone can help to solve by
cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.
美国奥兰多中部佛罗里达大学分子生物学家BeverLy RzigaLinki和工程师Sedipta Seal最早进行合作研究,想看看纳米药物是否能进入细胞内。他们进行的第一次实验是在培养皿中把纳米颗粒添加到老鼠的神经细胞上,看看神经细胞怎样吸收这些纳米药物。后来RzigalInski发现这些神经细胞比没有用纳米药物治疗过的神经细胞存活的时间长得多。这些“服用”了纳米药物的神经细胞之间彼此发送信号的能力就像年轻的细胞一样,在培养皿中存活的最长时间达6个月。
该科研小组还发现,用纳米药物治疗过的神经细胞可防止紫外线的破坏,这表明纳米颗粒药物能清除破坏神经细胞的活性分子自由基。而已知在老化和有炎症的细胞中普遍存在自由基。
每粒纳米药物均是由铈原子和氧原子组成,并形成约5纳米直径的结构。这种结构和自由基结合后就变成中性的无害分子。研究证明,这些纳米药物清除自由基的效率比维生素C和维生素E一类的天然清除剂的效率高3倍。而且这些纳米药物在细胞内的作用时间要长得多。
虽然神经细胞只接受一定剂量的纳米药物,但纳米药物可以反复地抓住自由基并清除它们,其清除自由基的作用可延续几个月;而维生素C分子一旦和自由基结合就被破坏,不再起作用。
现在Rzigalinski正计划试验氧化铈纳米药物是否能减慢老鼠神经变质疾病的发展。她还计划给果蝇喂纳米药物,看看这些果蝇能否比一般的果蝇活得更长。她认为,纳米药物可能有一天被用来涂覆人工关节和医用设备,以减少病人发炎。但伦敦帝国大学的化学家Tony Cass告诫说:在人身上应用纳米药物之前,必须回答人们关心的安全问题,因为我们需要考虑纳米药物是否可能与细胞的其它成分发生相互作用。
5.对“纳米药物能延长脑神经细胞的寿命”的原理,说明正确的一项是
A.纳米药物可使脑神经细胞的生命运动由25天左右适当延长至6个月
B.纳米药物能以较高效率清除破坏神经细胞的活性分子自由基
C.由铈原子和氧原子组成的结构在脑神经中存活的时间更长
D.通过纳米药物结构微小的特点渗透进神经细胞中去发挥作用
6.对佛罗里达大学生物学家和工程师的科研内容与方法,表述不正确的一项是
A.使用纳米药物治疗过的'神经细胞与没有用纳米药物治疗过的神经细胞存活的时间长短问题
B.神经细胞在纳米药物的作用下与不在药物作用下彼此发送信号的能力强弱的对比观察
C.奥兰多的生物学家和工程师在研究纳米药物作用时采用了对比研究的方法进行研究
D.用纳米药物治疗过的神经细胞防止紫外线能力的形成状况与纳米颗粒清除自由基的状况
7.根据原文所提供的信息,以下说法正确的一项是
A.纳米药物的发展主要在于如何改进纳米药物自身的成分(铈原子和氧原子)组成与组织结构(约5纳米的直径)的问题
B.老年痴呆病这样的与老年人有关的身心失调疾病在不久的将来会因为纳米药物即将研究成功而得到有效治疗
C.在给人使用纳米药物之前,要从药物安全的角度解决纳米药物是否可能与细胞的其它成分产生不良作用的问题。
D.纳米药物一旦在人的神经细胞中应用,就解决了目前没有任何药物可以解决的细胞老化及炎症的问题。
参考答案:
5.B(A是观察现象、不是原理;C“存活时间长”没有点到关键处、关键是这种结构和自由基结合后发生变化,清除自由基的效率高。D原理表…药物。D维生素也有改变细胞老化和预防炎症的作用,只是没有纳米药物作用力大。)
1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型:
① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …
【例】
(1Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
(2Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.
(3Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.
他们迈着坚定的步伐,怀着澎湃的激情展示着六年二班中队的特点:团结奋进,友谊热情,活泼健康,积极向上。灿烂的微笑洋溢着他们的热情;嘹亮的口号显示着他们的激情;饱满的神情体现着他们的实力。
六年二班中队的同学们严于律己,自从开学以来连续四周获得了校红旗班级,没有同学违反校规校纪,在同学和老师们的努力下,班级焕发出了夺目的奇光异彩,走在了六年组的先列。
在才艺方面,他们每个都有特长,在学校组织各种才艺比赛时,同学们犹如蛟龙出海,各显神通,有的画画,有的写书法……在我们班前不久举行的班级朗诵会上,同学们大显神通,让同学老师们耳目一新。有的同学钢琴已达到8级之多;有的同学写作获得过国家级荣誉,有的同学的书画已获得全国小学生龙人杯书画大赛奖……总之,六年二班中队是个多才多艺的班集体。
在卫生方面六年二班中队的同学们更是齐心协力,做值日绝对不留死角,时刻保持教室内的空气清鲜,定时拖地,捡纸屑。在同学们的`爱护和努力之下,让班级窗明几净,一尘不染。
这些方面还不足以说明六年二班中队同学的优秀,在体育方面他们也是各有千秋。 赛场上,男同学们犹如潇洒的雄鹰,雄姿尽展,使班级获得了一次又一次的荣誉。女同学们也不甘示弱,一个个英姿飒爽,犹如蛟龙出海,尽显女儿的英雄本色。就是这样,使六年二班健儿辈出,在校举办的各项体育活动中,同学们个个都如猛虎下山,胸有成竹,胜券在握。
六年二班中队的同学本着“更高、更快、更强”的体育精神,坚定“友谊第一,比赛第二”的信念,在体育场上写下光辉的一页。让六年二班中队的特点与体育的精神相融合,为六年二班中队争得一份荣誉,添一份光彩!
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