以书写为题的作文带框架【一】
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为，翻译是一种言语交际行为，是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程，它不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理，而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则，翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者（听者）的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究，对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为：“翻译就是交际。”他指出，信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用，而译文如果起不到交际作用，不能为读者所理解，就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者，因此，要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图，这就需要译者首先要理解原文，并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联，获得最佳的语境效果，最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果，并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程，而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此，译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力，还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力，帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联，达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息，这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合，产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中，译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解，从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而，译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构，将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者，只会使译文读者不知所云，导致交际失败。例如，如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达，并未传达原文的真实意义，对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道：壁橱里藏骷髅，丑事家家有。”这样，译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联，译文也更易被中国读者所接受，译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁，其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功，译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联，达到最佳的交际效果。因此，译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解，做出准确的判断，对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人，成事在天”的翻译，霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes，God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩，使译作带上了基督教色彩，从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换，意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中，既要重视语言本身，也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设，不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境，还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息，这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境，而是一系列语境。在话语理解中，人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行，主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的，而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下，交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反，这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设，通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如：“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中，“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起，但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起，汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境，按照中国人的认知思维，把fox翻译成“狐狸精”，那无疑是错误的，因为在英语中，它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此，译者应该对原语进行文化推理，获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文，达到交际的目的。
以书写为题的作文带框架【二】
好久没有给你写信了，还记得我吗？
文学家莎士比亚曾经说过：“生活里没有书籍，就好像大地没有阳光；智慧里没有书籍，就好像鸟儿没有翅膀。的确，如果没有你，我的生活将会变得何等单调乏味！因为有了你，我的生活才充满乐趣。
智慧的书，你启迪了我的智慧。记得有一次，科学老师提了一个非常难的课外题：水和油能不能融合在一起？大家都陷入了沉思，我也在苦苦思考。忽然，我的脑海里闪过一片火花，想起了你告诉我的答案：油比水轻，不能融合在一起。我边想边脱口而出，老师对此赞叹不已，我也高兴地不得了！
迷人的'书，我对你简直如痴如醉了！有一天早上，我正津津有味的捧着你阅读，妈妈叫我吃早餐，我头也不抬的答应了一声。过了好一会儿我还没去吃早餐，妈妈只好无奈地把早餐给我端了过来。我一手捧着你继续阅读，一手拿着面包往嘴里送。我使劲一咬，咦，这面包怎么这么硬啊！再一看，我咬得竟是钢笔！妈妈在一旁捧腹大笑：“小书虫，让你吃饭看书！”我却不管三七二十一，拿起你继续阅读，妈妈无可奈何地摇了摇头。
珍贵的书，你让我重获了珍贵的友谊。记得有一次，我和好朋友红红因为一点小事吵架。我们谁也不理谁，都觉得是对方的错。这时你善意的提醒我友谊最珍贵，友谊是朋友之间沟通的桥梁。顿时，我的脸活像一个熟透了的红苹果。我立即找到她并向她道了歉。我们立即又和好如初了！
无私的书，是你把知识无偿给了我，让我有了丰富的想象力，我写的才多次被老师当做范文在班里读，得到了老师的欣赏。而你却不求回报，把知识无私奉献给了读者。
朴实的书，你是我无声的老师。在我有些骄傲时，你会立即让那显眼的文字提醒我做人一定要谦逊；在我需要帮助时，你会毫不犹豫地给我最大的鼓励和帮助。我也因此对任何事情都充满信心！
书，你是我善解人意的知己。在我情绪低落时手捧着你，你会让我的思绪在一排排文字组成的道路上驰骋；在我情绪愉悦时手捧着你，你会让守候了很久的书香浸满房间的每个角落，让我沉浸文字的海洋！
每当我又交到一本书做朋友时，就会像驾着一叶轻舟一样在海上扬帆启程，劈波斩浪驶向前方。你送给我的知识就像温暖的阳光一样洒满了我的心灵。顿时，我的心陶醉了。我的视野因此变得更加开阔。书，你是我的良师益友。我的喜怒哀乐与你紧紧连在一起，你一直伴随着我成长。你让我真切到了积极向上的人生态度：用自己美好的青春和超凡的智慧，去书写自己的人生，在属于自己的碧海蓝天下，展翅翱翔！
祝你拥有愈来愈多的读者！
你忠实的小读者：xxx
以书写为题的作文带框架【三】
门前的五柳树摇曳着苦涩与悠然，南山的菊花热烈的'如火尽然。着一丛雏菊本该属于凝重沉静的秋天，是什么赋予了它热烈奔放的本性？是谁在她头顶浇灌一壶烈酒？对，是他，陶潜。那他呢？是无奈无依无望的现实造就了他？还是那浊酒东篱的炽热唤醒了他？以书为伴，我看到了他的孤傲与高洁。
归隐的脚步向来沉重，历史的重门向来没有温度。他的出现让浊酒洒遍了南山，让烈菊开遍了东篱，也让自己了却了对尘世的奢望。“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”，这份悠然中的那个倔强的身影，又有谁有他那样的洒脱？那份尘世的污浊又有几人撇的干净？唯有像他手下的烈菊开得热烈、活的自然，唯有保持一颗“质本洁来还洁去”的心才能在尘世中找到一方归隐的净土。以书为伴，书教会我面对世俗的牵绊。
以书写为题的作文带框架【四】
这个书架是我在六岁时爸爸送我的生日礼物，上面积着我阅读不低于3遍的图书，这个书架见证了我从儿童到少年的故事，那书架是来自我爸爸，那是一个七彩的书架，颜色代表着爸爸祝愿我的童年是七彩的，拥有着七彩心情，这个书架虽然不是很贵重，但包含了爸爸对我的爱。在我空闲的时候就会翻一翻书，看到精彩的语句我会忍不住的哈哈大笑，看到感人的语句不禁泪水已从我脸颊滑过。
这个书架上的书不算非常多，也就几十本，用自己零花钱买的，书架是可以买的，但爱却是无价的。现在的我已经不是小孩了，我的知识愈来愈多，说起知识的来源那些书还功不可没呢，不过我认为的功臣还是那个书架，因为这个书架让这些书有了家，他们躺在那里不会受损伤。书架啊书架你帮我了个忙，书架拥有着感情，他会始终在我的书房，直到他衰朽，他会与我哪些变化无常的玩意儿呆在一起，不要奇怪，你是他们的长辈。
亲爱的书架，你就像是我的知己，朋友，始终不离不弃，就是把爸爸送的生日礼物，我会好好保护你的，我以你为伴。
以书写为题的作文带框架【五】
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
以书写为题的作文带框架【六】
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
以书写为题的作文带框架【七】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
以书写为题的作文带框架【八】
Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为，语言交际是一个认知过程，交际双方之所以能够配合默契，是因为有一个最佳的认知模式，即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定：语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标，人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息，以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。
交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向，但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联，即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果，并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设，所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境，交际中的语境不是固定不变的，而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示，即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图；推理，即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中，听话人的推理是理解话语的核心，而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联，关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果，有了语境效果，就能正确理解话语，使交际获得成功。
