粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像,可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。
运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征,用朴实的文字简略地写出来,不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神,通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。
aboutasto
getacquire(knowledge/skills
offerafford(jobopportunities
expectanticipatechanges/difficulities
solvetackle/grapplewith
raiseelevate/heighten
mostimportantoverriding/override
combinesynthesize
supportuphold(ournationalvalues
deepen
weak
usetoomuch
becauseof
satisfy
learn
finally
right
know
miss
dotogether
boring
balance
difference
prettybutlessuseful
fresh
happenagain
good
difficult
perfect
urgent
sad
many/toomuch
fast-growing
maketrue
should
control
broadenone’shorizon
spendAonB
AisimportanttoB
finishsthby
decidetodo
sthisimportant
finditdifficulttodofuelvfuelconflictssap/one’sconfidencestretchnaturalresourcestothelimitattributeto/ascribetomeet/begearedtoward+sthdrawonothers’experienceendupdoing/endwithmakesensenaildownpassuppitchinsitthroughequilibriumecologicalequilibriumdistinctionnicetiesnoveltyrecurringpaindesirableundesirable:notgoodchallengingflawlesspressingbittermounting/awealthofburgeoningpopulationfulfillbesupposetoholdfasttoone’sdreamexpandone’soutlookdedicateAtoBAbeanessentialingredientof/bepartandparcelof/bethecornerstoneofBexploreeveryavenuetowardmakeitapointtodobeamilepostinbehard-pressedtodo/haveahardtimedoingsth
conflictbeatoddswith
few/littleverylittle,ifany
opposefrownon
befullofbeinundated/saturatedwith
todoharmtobelikelytofallpreyto/bevulnerableto
concerncausegraveconcern/concernshavearisenabout
meanspelldisaster/troublefor
makesthsthAhasrenderBsth
tootosthhasreachedsuchproportionthat/…tothepointwhere…mostimportantmorethananything,/andaboveall
growtheproliferationoffast-food/cybergames
seesthobjectivelyputsthinperspective
thinksthmostimportantit’shardtooverstatethesignificanceofneedsthnecessitate/entail
bedevotedtobebenton/upon
showmirror/embody
differentthewholespectrumof
turningpointbeawatershed
accordingtointheeyesof
affecthinder
ageera
aimtargetv
andalongwith/aswellas
andsoonthelike
appearmushroom/springup/sproutup
applyputintopractice
askconsult
aspectsphere
attachenclose
attracttempt/appealto
audienceviewer
basisfoundation
beabletobecapableto
beconvenientatone’sconvenience
begoodatbeskilledat
behelpfulbeofhelp
beimportantbeofimportance
benearbearoundthecorner
beobviousitgoeswithoutsayingthat…/itisarguablethatberisingskyrocket/rocket/soar
besuretobeboundto
besurprisedatbeamazedat
beuselessbeofnouse
bearbeloadedwith
becauseofdueto
becomefashionablecomeintoafashion
becomehappycheerup
beforeoriginal
buildfound/putup/shape
buyafford
byoneselfallalone
carefulattentive
causeattributeto/leadto
changemodify/shift/fluctuation
changewithvarywith
cheatingdeception
choosefrommakeachoicebetween
clearevident/self-evident
comefromstemfrom/springfrom
comeoutcomeforth
complainplaceacomplaintagainst
considerconvince/figureout/givethoughtto
consider…..importantattachimportanceto/laymuchemphasisuponcontinuegoahead
controlinthegripsof
cooperatejoinhandswith
decidedetermine
deepprofound/far-reaching
dependonhingeupon/counton
dependononeselfliveonone’sown
developcultivate/buildup
difficultybarrier
diligentindustrious
dogoinfor/carryout
dogooddofavor/helpv
dropdecline/ontheebb
eatlessgoonadiet
emphasisputahighvalueon/treasurev/valuev/cherishv
enablefacilitate
encouragespursbonto/motivate
endangerjeopardize
enforcestrengthen
engagemajorin
enjoybecrazyabout
enlargebroaden
enoughadequate
evaluatespeakhighlyof
explainuavelthemysteryof/accountfor/beresponsiblefor
facebefacedwith/faceup
failfrustrate
failurefrustration
fameprestige
famousprominent
famouspeoplegalaxy
feelingpassion/sentiments
findlocate
findoutsortout
finishaccomplish
firelayoff
fixinginstallation
focusoncenteron
forexampleacaseinpoint
foreverpermanent
futureprospective
getacquire/regain
getridofeliminate
givegrant/issue
give/supplyprovide…with
giveattentiontogivepriorityto
globaluniversal
goonbringforward
goalheart’sdesire
goodbeneficial
goodstudentstopstudents
goodsnecessity
greatenormous/dramatic
greatprime/utmost
greetingsregards
growflourish
happinesswell-being
havepossess
havearelationshipwithbeontermswith
hopelookforwardto
hopetodosthbeeagertososth./longtodosthhopefulpromising
ignoreneglect
illnessdisease
importantessential/vita
improveenhance/boost/upgrade
improvementadvance
ingroupsintwosandthrees
includemakeup
increasesoar
influencemold
intendtargettodosth./bemeanttodointerestedcrazy
interestinglywithgreatinterestintroductionprospectus
investigationsurvey
joboccupation/employment
joinmaintain/holdonto
keepmaintain/holdonto
killoneselfcommitsuicide
knowgrasp/beawareof/knowaboutknowledgecommand
leavedepartfrom
likepreference
limitconfine
loadburden
lookaroundexamine
lookforruninto/huntfor
lookup…inreferto
lowerinferior
makenervousplacestrainon
makeprogressmakeleapsin/pressforwardmakesureguarantee
makesurethattoseeitthat…
manyberichin/countless
meetruninto/comeacross
messchaos
necessaryindispensable
needbeinneedof
nothesitatefeelfreetodosth
notknowbeignorantof
number
obvious
occupation
offer
only
outcome
overcome
pass
payattentionto
people
perform
period
议论文的结构方式有以下几种:
1.纵贯式结构。即按照引论(导论、绪论、本论(正文、结论三部分组织材料,符合提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的逻辑顺序。2.并列式结构。即紧紧围绕中心论点,用几个分论点构成并列关系,从不同角度共同论证中心论点。3.递进式结构。即作者阐述中心论点时,使文章的各个层次和段落逐层深入,从而推出文章的结论。4.对比式结构。即把正反两方面的观点或事例加以对比,使两种不同的观点或事例在对比中更加鲜明、清晰,以使正面的论点和主张更加突出。
明确了议论文的结构方式,有助于分析文章的结构层次,把握行文脉络,从而对文章作出准确的分析和判断。
知道了以上的方法,阅读时可采用精读、略读相结合的方法,注意从原文中筛选信息。要把表明作者观点的句子勾画下来,找出文章的中心论点;注意分析文章的段落层次,看符合哪种结构方式,运用了哪些论证方法等。
要注意认真阅读题干,带着问题从原文中寻找答案,对与题干无关的内容,可略读或不读。
观点需要材料(论据)来论证,材料为证明论点而来。有人形容两者之间的关系,说:观点要从材料中来,到材料中去。显然,这么讲比较形象。在实际的议论文写作中,观点不能从材料中来,也就是说材料不能证明论点的情形,不少。也可以这么讲的就是:观点和材料脱节是议论文写作失败的一个很重要的原因。
【例3】
罗马教会的十字架上绑着一位白发苍苍的老人,底下雄雄烈火无情吞噬着他的躯体。但他大声喊道:‘火可以将我烧死,但不能毁灭真理。后人会了解我的价值!’这位老者就是为真理献出生命的天文学家布鲁诺。历史早已验证了这位老人的话。他经历痛苦取得的价值是使真理在世上永生。
确乎,布鲁诺被火烧死是一种痛苦,可是,这种痛苦的价值更多地在于能说明愚味的可怕,在于说明人类认识真理的不易,而不在于说明使真理在世上永生。
【例4】
有这样一个故事:一个牧师把一张地图从一本书上撕下并撕成碎片,让他不听话的儿子重新拼好。不过,出乎他意料的是他儿子仅用几分钟就完成了。其原因是他的儿子拼的不是地图本身,而是地图背面人的照片。因此有了他儿子这样的一句话:我想如果一个人是正确的,他的世界也就会是正确的。
这个故事给予我一个很大的启示就是只有学会改变自己,才能改变你周围的一切。
就材料本身而言,与启示中改变相关的内容也就仅儿子改变拼图方法这一点,可从这一点上就能得到如此的启示吗?不能。要想得到启示,那就得把故事进行重新叙述。
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